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How well do language models deal with quantification? In this study, we focus on 'few'-type quantifiers, as in 'few children like toys', which might pose a particular challenge for language models because the sentence components with out…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 James A. Michaelov , Benjamin K. Bergen

This paper presents a systematic defense of large language model (LLM) hallucinations or 'confabulations' as a potential resource instead of a categorically negative pitfall. The standard view is that confabulations are inherently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Peiqi Sui , Eamon Duede , Sophie Wu , Richard Jean So

This study investigates the efficacy of Large Language Models (LLMs) in causal discovery. Using newly available open-source LLMs, OLMo and BLOOM, which provide access to their pre-training corpora, we investigate how LLMs address causal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Tao Feng , Lizhen Qu , Niket Tandon , Zhuang Li , Xiaoxi Kang , Gholamreza Haffari

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) highlights the critical importance of conducting thorough evaluations to discern their comparative advantages, limitations, and optimal use cases. Particularly important is assessing their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Daniel Machlab , Rick Battle

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently been shown to produce estimates of psycholinguistic norms, such as valence, arousal, or concreteness, for words and multiword expressions, that correlate with human judgments. These estimates are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Thomas Hikaru Clark , Carlos Arriaga , Javier Conde , Gonzalo Martínez , Pedro Reviriego

Speech Language Models (SLMs) aim to learn language from raw audio, without textual resources. Despite significant advances, our current models exhibit weak syntax and semantic abilities. However, if the scaling properties of neural…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-13 Santiago Cuervo , Ricard Marxer

Large language models have achieved remarkable success on final-answer mathematical problems, largely due to the ease of applying reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards. However, the reasoning underlying these solutions is often…

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on a number of natural language processing tasks, such as question answering and text summarization. However, their performance on sequence labeling tasks such as intent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Yao Qiang , Subhrangshu Nandi , Ninareh Mehrabi , Greg Ver Steeg , Anoop Kumar , Anna Rumshisky , Aram Galstyan

Large language models are successful in answering factoid questions but are also prone to hallucination. We investigate the phenomenon of LLMs possessing correct answer knowledge yet still hallucinating from the perspective of inference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Che Jiang , Biqing Qi , Xiangyu Hong , Dayuan Fu , Yang Cheng , Fandong Meng , Mo Yu , Bowen Zhou , Jie Zhou

The impressive linguistic abilities of large language models (LLMs) have recommended them as models of human sentence processing, with some conjecturing a positive 'quality-power' relationship (Wilcox et al., 2023), in which language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yi-Chien Lin , Hongao Zhu , William Schuler

This survey addresses the crucial issue of factuality in Large Language Models (LLMs). As LLMs find applications across diverse domains, the reliability and accuracy of their outputs become vital. We define the Factuality Issue as the…

While large language models (LLMs) have proven to be effective on a large variety of tasks, they are also known to hallucinate information. To measure whether an LLM prefers factually consistent continuations of its input, we propose a new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Derek Tam , Anisha Mascarenhas , Shiyue Zhang , Sarah Kwan , Mohit Bansal , Colin Raffel

Given varying prompts regarding a factoid question, can a large language model (LLM) reliably generate factually correct answers? Existing LLMs may generate distinct responses for different prompts. In this paper, we study the problem of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Qingxiu Dong , Jingjing Xu , Lingpeng Kong , Zhifang Sui , Lei Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed the Natural Language Processing (NLP) landscape with their remarkable ability to understand and generate human-like text. However, these models are prone to ``hallucinations'' -- outputs that do…

Language models often struggle with handling factual knowledge, exhibiting factual hallucination issue. This makes it vital to evaluate the models' ability to recall its parametric knowledge about facts. In this study, we introduce a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Xin Zhao , Naoki Yoshinaga , Daisuke Oba

Standard factuality evaluations of LLMs treat all errors alike, obscuring whether failures arise from missing knowledge (empty shelves) or from limited access to encoded facts (lost keys). We propose a behavioral framework that profiles…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Nitay Calderon , Eyal Ben-David , Zorik Gekhman , Eran Ofek , Gal Yona

As we scale to more massive machine learning models, the frequent synchronization demands inherent in data-parallel approaches create significant slowdowns, posing a critical challenge to further scaling. Recent work develops an approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Zachary Charles , Gabriel Teston , Lucio Dery , Keith Rush , Nova Fallen , Zachary Garrett , Arthur Szlam , Arthur Douillard

There is a growing literature on reasoning by large language models (LLMs), but the discussion on the uncertainty in their responses is still lacking. Our aim is to assess the extent of confidence that LLMs have in their answers and how it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Yudi Pawitan , Chris Holmes

This study investigates whether repeating questions within prompts influences the performance of large language models (LLMs). We hypothesize that reiterating a question within a single prompt might enhance the model's focus on key elements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Sagi Shaier , Mario Sanz-Guerrero , Katharina von der Wense

The fluency and creativity of large pre-trained language models (LLMs) have led to their widespread use, sometimes even as a replacement for traditional search engines. Yet language models are prone to making convincing but factually…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Katherine Tian , Eric Mitchell , Huaxiu Yao , Christopher D. Manning , Chelsea Finn