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The development and evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) have largely focused on individual capabilities. However, this overlooks the intersection of multiple abilities across different types of expertise that are often required for…

For some kernel matrices, low-rank approximations can be quickly obtained via analytic techniques. One important class of analytic methods that has received attention in recent years is based on the use of proxy points. Accuracy analysis…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-26 Mikhail Lepilov , Jianlin Xia

Prospect Theory (PT) models human decision-making behaviour under uncertainty, among which linguistic uncertainty is commonly adopted in real-world scenarios. Although recent studies have developed some frameworks to test PT parameters for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Rui Wang , Qihan Lin , Jiayu Liu , Qing Zong , Tianshi Zheng , Dadi Guo , Haochen Shi , Weiqi Wang , Yangqiu Song

The impressive capabilities of recent language models can be largely attributed to the multi-trillion token pretraining datasets that they are trained on. However, model developers fail to disclose their construction methodology which has…

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong machine translation capabilities for English-centric language pairs but underperform in direct non-English (x2x) translation. This work addresses this limitation through a synthetic data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Sen Yang , Yu Bao , Yu Lu , Jiajun Chen , Shujian Huang , Shanbo Cheng

Modern language models are trained on large amounts of data. These data inevitably include controversial and stereotypical content, which contains all sorts of biases related to gender, origin, age, etc. As a result, the models express…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Aleksandra Sorokovikova , Pavel Chizhov , Iuliia Eremenko , Ivan P. Yamshchikov

Selective prediction systems can mitigate harms resulting from language model hallucinations by abstaining from answering in high-risk cases. Uncertainty quantification techniques are often employed to identify such cases, but are rarely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Edward Phillips , Fredrik K. Gustafsson , Sean Wu , Anshul Thakur , David A. Clifton

Preference learning is a widely adopted post-training technique that aligns large language models (LLMs) to human preferences and improves specific downstream task capabilities. In this work we systematically investigate how specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Joongwon Kim , Anirudh Goyal , Aston Zhang , Bo Xiong , Rui Hou , Melanie Kambadur , Dhruv Mahajan , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Liang Tan

Modern language models rely on static vocabularies, fixed before pretraining, in contrast to the adaptive vocabulary acquisition observed in human language learning. To bridge this gap, we introduce vocabulary curriculum learning, an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Fangyuan Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional performance across diverse tasks but come with substantial energy and computational costs, particularly in request-heavy scenarios. In many real-world applications, the full scale and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Patrick Wilhelm , Thorsten Wittkopp , Odej Kao

In machine learning, disparity metrics are often defined by measuring the difference in the performance or outcome of a model, across different sub-populations (groups) of datapoints. Thus, the inputs to disparity quantification consist of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-15 Shervin Ardeshir , Cristina Segalin , Nathan Kallus

Optimization proxies - machine learning models trained to approximate the solution mapping of parametric optimization problems in a single forward pass - offer dramatic reductions in inference time compared to traditional iterative solvers.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Andrew W. Rosemberg , Joaquim Dias Garcia , Russell Bent , Pascal Van Hentenryck

Recent work has demonstrated surprisingly good performance of pre-trained LLMs on regression tasks (for example, time-series prediction), with the ability to incorporate expert prior knowledge and the information contained in textual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Felix Biggs , Samuel Willis

In this work, we explore uncertainty estimation as a proxy for correctness in LLM-generated code. To this end, we adapt two state-of-the-art techniques from natural language generation -- one based on entropy and another on mutual…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Arindam Sharma , Cristina David

Diffusion language models (DLMs) promise parallel, order-agnostic generation, but on standard benchmarks they have historically lagged behind autoregressive models in sample quality and diversity. Recent continuous flow and diffusion…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Georgios Batzolis , Mark Girolami , Luca Ambrogioni

In recent years, pretrained language models have revolutionized the NLP world, while achieving state of the art performance in various downstream tasks. However, in many cases, these models do not perform well when labeled data is scarce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Liat Ein-Dor , Ilya Shnayderman , Artem Spector , Lena Dankin , Ranit Aharonov , Noam Slonim

Entropy-based confidence signals are increasingly leveraged to improve reasoning in large language models (LLMs), yet existing approaches treat confidence as a static quantity -- typically aggregated over tokens. We show that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Chenghua Zhu , Siyan Wu , Xiangkang Zeng , Zishan Xu , Zhaolu Kang , Yifu Guo , Yuquan Lu , Junduan Huang , Guojing Zhou

To train robust deep neural networks (DNNs), we systematically study several target modification approaches, which include output regularisation, self and non-self label correction (LC). Two key issues are discovered: (1) Self LC is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Xinshao Wang , Yang Hua , Elyor Kodirov , David A. Clifton , Neil M. Robertson

Long-context inference enhances the reasoning capability of Large Language Models (LLMs), but incurs significant computational overhead. Token-oriented methods, such as pruning and skipping, have shown great promise in reducing inference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zimeng Wu , Donghao Wang , Chaozhe Jin , Jiaxin Chen , Yunhong Wang

Fine-tuning LLMs for classification typically maps inputs directly to labels. We ask whether attaching brief explanations to each label during fine-tuning yields better models. We evaluate conversational response quality along three axes:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Vivswan Shah , Randy Cogill , Hanwei Yue , Gopinath Chennupati , Rinat Khaziev