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Reliable evaluation of protein structure predictions remains challenging, as metrics like pLDDT capture energetic stability but often miss subtle errors such as atomic clashes or conformational traps reflecting topological frustration…

We introduce ProteinWorkshop, a comprehensive benchmark suite for representation learning on protein structures with Geometric Graph Neural Networks. We consider large-scale pre-training and downstream tasks on both experimental and…

Deep learning has deeply influenced protein science, enabling breakthroughs in predicting protein properties, higher-order structures, and molecular interactions. This paper introduces DeepProtein, a comprehensive and user-friendly deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Jiaqing Xie , Tianfan Fu

Masked Autoencoders (MAEs) achieve impressive performance in image classification tasks, yet the internal representations they learn remain less understood. This work started as an attempt to understand the strong downstream classification…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Anika Shrivastava , Renu Rameshan , Samar Agnihotri

Protein structure prediction models such as AlphaFold3 (AF3) push the frontier of biomolecular modeling by incorporating science-informed architectural changes to the transformer architecture. However, these advances come at a steep system…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-06-27 Hoa La , Ahan Gupta , Alex Morehead , Jianlin Cheng , Minjia Zhang

Recently, there has been great interest in learning how to best represent proteins, specifically with fixed-length embeddings. Deep learning has become a popular tool for protein representation learning as a model's hidden layers produce…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2020-11-09 Amir Shanehsazzadeh , David Belanger , David Dohan

While DeepMind has tentatively solved protein folding, its inverse problem -- protein design which predicts protein sequences from their 3D structures -- still faces significant challenges. Particularly, the lack of large-scale standardized…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2022-02-15 Zhangyang Gao , Cheng Tan , Stan Z. Li

MOTIVATION: Proteins fold into complex structures that are crucial for their biological functions. Experimental determination of protein structures is costly and therefore limited to a small fraction of all known proteins. Hence, different…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2018-04-18 David Menéndez Hurtado , Karolis Uziela , Arne Elofsson

Part-level features are crucial for image understanding, but few studies focus on them because of the lack of fine-grained labels. Although unsupervised part discovery can eliminate the reliance on labels, most of them cannot maintain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Jiahao Xia , Yike Wu , Wenjian Huang , Jianguo Zhang , Jian Zhang

Computationally predicting protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is challenging due to the lack of integrated, multimodal protein representations. DPEB is a curated collection of 22,043 human proteins that integrates four embedding types:…

Building scalable models to learn from diverse, multimodal data remains an open challenge. For vision-language data, the dominant approaches are based on contrastive learning objectives that train a separate encoder for each modality. While…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Xinyang Geng , Hao Liu , Lisa Lee , Dale Schuurmans , Sergey Levine , Pieter Abbeel

Masked Autoencoders (MAE) have shown great potentials in self-supervised pre-training for language and 2D image transformers. However, it still remains an open question on how to exploit masked autoencoding for learning 3D representations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Renrui Zhang , Ziyu Guo , Rongyao Fang , Bin Zhao , Dong Wang , Yu Qiao , Hongsheng Li , Peng Gao

We introduce a protein language model for determining the complete sequence of a peptide based on measurement of a limited set of amino acids. To date, protein sequencing relies on mass spectrometry, with some novel edman degregation based…

The effects of ligand binding on protein structures and their in vivo functions carry numerous implications for modern biomedical research and biotechnology development efforts such as drug discovery. Although several deep learning (DL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Alex Morehead , Nabin Giri , Jian Liu , Pawan Neupane , Jianlin Cheng

Proteins perform much of the work in living organisms, and consequently the development of efficient computational methods for protein representation is essential for advancing large-scale biological research. Most current approaches…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-06-09 Francesco Ceccarelli , Lorenzo Giusti , Sean B. Holden , Pietro Liò

Protein structure prediction has reached revolutionary levels of accuracy on single structures, yet distributional modeling paradigms are needed to capture the conformational ensembles and flexibility that underlie biological function.…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-04-06 Bowen Jing , Ezra Erives , Peter Pao-Huang , Gabriele Corso , Bonnie Berger , Tommi Jaakkola

The goal of protein representation learning is to extract knowledge from protein databases that can be applied to various protein-related downstream tasks. Although protein sequence, structure, and function are the three key modalities for…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-05-14 Eunji Ko , Seul Lee , Minseon Kim , Dongki Kim

Effective representations of protein sequences are widely recognized as a cornerstone of machine learning-based protein design. Yet, protein bioengineering poses unique challenges for sequence representation, as experimental datasets…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-07 Ana F. Rodrigues , Lucas Ferraz , Laura Balbi , Pedro Giesteira Cotovio , Catia Pesquita

Protein representation learning (PRL) is crucial for understanding structure-function relationships, yet current sequence- and graph-based methods fail to capture the hierarchical organization inherent in protein structures. We introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Zhiyu Wang , Arian Jamasb , Mustafa Hajij , Alex Morehead , Luke Braithwaite , Pietro Liò

We propose a masked self-supervised learning framework, called BRepMAE, for automatically extracting a valuable representation of the input computer-aided design (CAD) model to recognize its machining features. Representation learning is…

Graphics · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Can Yao , Kang Wu , Zuheng Zheng , Siyuan Xing , Xiao-Ming Fu