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Factor models have been widely used in economics and finance. However, the heavy-tailed nature of macroeconomic and financial data is often neglected in the existing literature. To address this issue and achieve robustness, we propose an…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-30 Yong He , Lingxiao Li , Dong Liu , Wen-Xin Zhou

We present a technique to perform dimensionality reduction on data that is subject to uncertainty. Our method is a generalization of traditional principal component analysis (PCA) to multivariate probability distributions. In comparison to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-14 Jochen Görtler , Thilo Spinner , Dirk Streeb , Daniel Weiskopf , Oliver Deussen

The CP decomposition for high dimensional non-orthogonal spiked tensors is an important problem with broad applications across many disciplines. However, previous works with theoretical guarantee typically assume restrictive incoherence…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-20 Yuefeng Han , Cun-Hui Zhang

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a standard tool for dimensional reduction of a set of $n$ observations (samples), each with $p$ variables. In this paper, using a matrix perturbation approach, we study the nonasymptotic relation…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2009-01-22 Boaz Nadler

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a classical and widely used method for dimensionality reduction, with applications in data compression, computer vision, pattern recognition, and signal processing. However, PCA is designed for…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-01 Wenhui Wu , Changchun Shang , Jianhua Zhao , Xuan Ma , Yue Wang

Principal component analysis (PCA) is often used for analyzing data in the most diverse areas. In this work, we report an integrated approach to several theoretical and practical aspects of PCA. We start by providing, in an intuitive and…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Felipe L. Gewers , Gustavo R. Ferreira , Henrique F. de Arruda , Filipi N. Silva , Cesar H. Comin , Diego R. Amancio , Luciano da F. Costa

Functional principal component analysis (FPCA) is a fundamental tool and has attracted increasing attention in recent decades, while existing methods are restricted to data with a single or finite number of random functions (much smaller…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-01-22 Xiaoyu Hu , Fang Yao

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely used method for dimension reduction. In high dimensional data, the "signal" eigenvalues corresponding to weak principal components (PCs) do not necessarily separate from the bulk of the "noise"…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-10-03 Edgar Dobriban

In probabilistic principal component analysis (PPCA), an observed vector is modeled as a linear transformation of a low-dimensional Gaussian factor plus isotropic noise. We generalize PPCA to tensors by constraining the loading operator to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-23 Yaoming Zhen , Piotr Zwiernik

Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the most commonly used statistical procedures with a wide range of applications. This paper considers both minimax and adaptive estimation of the principal subspace in the high dimensional…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-01-08 T. Tony Cai , Zongming Ma , Yihong Wu

We propose a new high dimensional semiparametric principal component analysis (PCA) method, named Copula Component Analysis (COCA). The semiparametric model assumes that, after unspecified marginally monotone transformations, the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-02-20 Fang Han , Han Liu

In our previous work, a reduced order model (ROM) for a stochastic system was made, where noisy data was projected onto principal component analysis (PCA)-derived basis vectors to obtain an accurate reconstruction of the noise-free data.…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2017-02-07 Indika Udagedara , Brian Helenbrook , Aaron Luttman , Jared Catenacci

Autoencoders have long been considered a nonlinear extension of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Prior studies have demonstrated that linear autoencoders (LAEs) can recover the ordered, axis-aligned principal components of PCA by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Qipeng Zhan , Zhuoping Zhou , Zexuan Wang , Li Shen

Principal component analysis (PCA) is recognised as a quintessential data analysis technique when it comes to describing linear relationships between the features of a dataset. However, the well-known sensitivity of PCA to non-Gaussian…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-28 Jean P. Chereau , Bruno Scalzo Dees , Danilo P. Mandic

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) finds the best linear representation of data, and is an indispensable tool in many learning and inference tasks. Classically, principal components of a dataset are interpreted as the directions that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-24 Raphael A. Hauser , Armin Eftekhari

Traditional principal component analysis (PCA) is well known in high-dimensional data analysis, but it requires to express data by a matrix with observations to be continuous. To overcome the limitations, a new method called flexible PCA…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-17 Tonglin Zhang , Baijian Yang , Qianqian Song , Jing Su

In this paper, we study the problem of sparse Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in the high-dimensional setting with missing observations. Our goal is to estimate the first principal component when we only have access to partial…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-06-04 Karim Lounici

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a very successful dimensionality reduction technique, widely used in predictive modeling. A key factor in its widespread use in this domain is the fact that the projection of a dataset onto its first…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-05-19 Xianghui Luo , Robert J. Durrant

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a classical dimension reduction method which projects data onto the principal subspace spanned by the leading eigenvectors of the covariance matrix. However, it behaves poorly when the number of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2013-05-27 Zongming Ma

We introduce Adaptive Subspace PCA (AS-PCA), a framework for principal component analysis of random elements in a general separable Hilbert space. AS-PCA projects the covariance operator onto a data-adaptive finite-dimensional subspace…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Xinyi Li , Margaret Hoch , Michael R. Kosorok