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The classical theory of the cross-ratio is a beautiful case study of the moduli of ordered points of the projective line and of invariants of the action of $PGL_2$. We generalize the theory of the cross-ratio to the setting of $S$-valued…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2020-12-08 Xander Faber , Keith Pardue , David Zelinsky

We show that main results of rational trigonometry (as developed by NJ Wildberger, "Divine Proportions", 2005) can be succinctly expressed using projective geometric algebra (PGA). In fact, the PGA representation exhibits distinct…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2020-06-12 Charles Gunn

A tutorial introduction to projective geometric algebra (PGA), a modern, coordinate-free framework for doing euclidean geometry. PGA features: uniform representation of points, lines, and planes; robust, parallel-safe join and meet…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2020-08-19 Charles G. Gunn

Cross-ratio degrees count configurations of points $z_1,\ldots, z_n \in \mathbb{P}^1$ satisfying $n - 3$ cross-ratio constraints, up to isomorphism. These numbers arise in multiple contexts in algebraic and tropical geometry, and may be…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2021-08-10 Rob Silversmith

Any finite-dimensional commutative (associative) graded algebra with all nonzero homogeneous subspaces one-dimensional is defined by a symmetric coefficient matrix. This algebraic structure gives a basic kind of $A$-graded algebras…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2026-03-23 Yunnan Li , Shi Yu

This paper reframes Riemannian geometry as a generalized Lie algebra allowing the equations of both RG and then General Relativity to be expressed as commutation relations among fundamental operators. We begin with an Abelian Lie algebra of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-09-21 Joseph E. Johnson

The symmetries described by Pin groups are the result of combining a finite number of discrete reflections in (hyper)planes. The current work shows how an analysis using geometric algebra provides a picture complementary to that of the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-10-16 Martin Roelfs , Steven De Keninck

The article presents a new approach to euclidean plane geometry based on projective geometric algebra (PGA). It is designed for anyone with an interest in plane geometry, or who wishes to familiarize themselves with PGA. After a brief…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2016-11-01 Charles G. Gunn

When considering geometry, one might think of working with lines and circles on a flat plane as in Euclidean geometry. However, doing geometry in other spaces is possible, as the existence of spherical and hyperbolic geometry demonstrates.…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2024-04-01 Michael Perez Palapa , Kai Williams

We extend finding geometrically-significant preserved quantities by solving specific PDEs to 1-$d$ projective transformations and subgroups. This can be viewed not only as a purely geometrical problem but also as a subcase of finding…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-09-25 Edward Anderson

This paper introduces advances in the geometry of the transforms for cross ratio of four points in a line in the Desargues affine plane. The results given here have a clean, based Desargues affine plan axiomatic and definitions of addition…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-04-14 Orgest Zaka

The paper presents a new cross-ratio of hypercomplex numbers based on projective geometry. We discuss the essential properties of the projective cross-ratio, notably its invariance under Mobius transformations. Applications to the geometry…

Complex Variables · Mathematics 2012-06-05 Sky Brewer

In one complex variable, the cross ratio is a well-known quantity associated with four given points in the complex plane that remains invariant under linear fractional maps. In particular, if one knows where three points in the complex…

Complex Variables · Mathematics 2021-06-22 Michael R. Pilla

We introduce cosurfaces with values in the group \(\PC_n(H)\) of \(H\)-valued reciprocal pairwise comparison matrices. The composition law is covariant on upper triangular coefficients and contravariant on lower triangular coefficients,…

General Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Jean-Pierre Magnot

What is the best representation for doing euclidean geometry on computers? These notes from a SIGGRAPH 2019 short course entitled "Geometric algebra for computer graphics" introduce projective geometric algebra (PGA) as a modern framework…

Graphics · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Charles G. Gunn

We show that if PGA is understood as a subalgebra of CGA in mathematically correct sense, then the flat objects share the same representation in PGA and CGA. Particularly, we treat duality in PGA. This leads to unification of PGA and CGA…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2020-05-05 Ales Navrat , Jaroslav Hrdina , Petr Vasik , Leo Dorst

This article gives an invariant representation of the curvature of a plane wave spacetime in terms of the Schwarzian of a curve in the Lagrangian Grassmannian. It develops a general theory of cross ratios and Schwarzians of curves in what…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-03-18 Jonathan Holland , George Sparling

This paper is to serve as a key to the projective (homogeneous) model developed by Charles Gunn (arXiv:1101.4542 [math.MG]). The goal is to explain the underlying concepts in a simple language and give plenty of examples. It is targeted to…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2013-07-12 Andrey Sokolov

We construct a graded Lie algebra $\mathcal{E}$ in which the Maurer-Cartan equation is equivalent to the vacuum Einstein equations. The gauge groupoid is the groupoid of rank 4 real vector bundles with a conformal inner product, over a…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2019-01-01 Michael Reiterer , Eugene Trubowitz

In Part 1, we describe six projective-type model structures on the category of differential graded modules over a differential graded algebra A over a commutative ring R. When R is a field, the six collapse to three and are well-known, at…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2014-12-03 Tobias Barthel , J. P. May , Emily Riehl
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