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Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents possess significant commercial and social value, and GUI agents powered by advanced multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential. Currently, existing GUI agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Weizhi Chen , Ziwei Wang , Leyang Yang , Sheng Zhou , Xiaoxuan Tang , Jiajun Bu , Yong Li , Wei Jiang

LLM-driven GUI agents are increasingly used in production systems to automate workflows and simulate users for evaluation and optimization. Yet most GUI-agent evaluations emphasize task success and provide limited evidence on whether agents…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Maria Movin , Claudia Hauff , Aron Henriksson , Panagiotis Papapetrou

Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are the primary medium for human-computer interaction, yet automating GUI interactions remains challenging due to the complexity of visual elements, dynamic environments, and the need for multi-step…

Large Language Model (LLM) web agents often struggle with long-horizon web navigation and web task completion in new websites, producing inefficient action sequences unless fine-tuned on environment-specific data. We show that…

With the advancements in hardware, software, and large language model technologies, the interaction between humans and operating systems has evolved from the command-line interface to the rapidly emerging AI agent interactions. Building an…

Web AI agents such as ChatGPT Agent and GenSpark are increasingly used for routine web-based tasks, yet they still rely on text-based input prompts, lack proactive detection of user intent, and offer no support for interactive data analysis…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Yanwei Huang , Arpit Narechania

The rise of personal assistant agents, e.g., OpenClaw, highlights the growing potential of large language models to support users across everyday life and work. A core challenge in these settings is proactive assistance, since users often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Haoran Zhang , Luxin Xu , Zhilin Wang , Runquan Gui , Shunkai Zhang , Haodi Lei , Zihao He , Bingsu He , Chicheng Qin , Tong Zhu , Xiaoye Qu , Yang Yang , Yu Cheng , Yafu Li

Recently, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have been used as agents to control keyboard and mouse inputs by directly perceiving the Graphical User Interface (GUI) and generating corresponding commands. However, current agents…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Dongping Chen , Yue Huang , Siyuan Wu , Jingyu Tang , Liuyi Chen , Yilin Bai , Zhigang He , Chenlong Wang , Huichi Zhou , Yiqiang Li , Tianshuo Zhou , Yue Yu , Chujie Gao , Qihui Zhang , Yi Gui , Zhen Li , Yao Wan , Pan Zhou , Jianfeng Gao , Lichao Sun

Graphical User Interface (GUI) Agents, powered by large language and vision-language models, hold promise for enabling end-to-end automation in digital environments. However, their progress is fundamentally constrained by the scarcity of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Musen Lin , Minghao Liu , Taoran Lu , Lichen Yuan , Yiwei Liu , Haonan Xu , Yu Miao , Yuhao Chao , Zhaojian Li

Most commodity software lacks accessible Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), requiring autonomous agents to interact solely through pixel-based Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs). In this API-free setting, large language model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Chenwei Tang , Lin Long , Xinyu Liu , Jingyu Xing , Zizhou Wang , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Jiawei Du , Liangli Zhen , Jiancheng Lv

Computer-use agents (CUAs) powered by large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a promising approach to automating computer tasks, yet they struggle with the existing human-oriented OS interfaces - graphical user interfaces (GUIs). GUIs…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yuan Wang , Mingyu Li , Haibo Chen

Building autonomous agents that perceive and operate graphical user interfaces (GUIs) like humans has long been a vision in the field of artificial intelligence. Central to these agents is the capability for GUI interaction, which involves…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Hongxin Li , Jingran Su , Jingfan Chen , Zheng Ju , Yuntao Chen , Qing Li , Zhaoxiang Zhang

Task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems have been widely used by mobile phone intelligent assistants to accomplish tasks such as calendar scheduling or hotel reservation. Current TOD systems usually focus on multi-turn text/speech interaction,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Liangtai Sun , Xingyu Chen , Lu Chen , Tianle Dai , Zichen Zhu , Kai Yu

Computer-Use Agents (CUA) are becoming increasingly capable of autonomously operating digital environments through Graphical User Interfaces (GUI). Yet, most GUI remain designed primarily for humans--prioritizing aesthetics and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Kevin Qinghong Lin , Siyuan Hu , Linjie Li , Zhengyuan Yang , Lijuan Wang , Philip Torr , Mike Zheng Shou

Automated code documentation is essential for modern software development, providing the contextual grounding that both human developers and coding agents rely on to navigate large codebases. Existing repository-level approaches process…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Suyoung Bae , Jaehoon Lee , Changkyu Choi , YunSeok Choi , Jee-Hyong Lee

Graphical user interface (GUI) agents have shown promise in automating mobile tasks but still struggle with input redundancy and decision ambiguity. In this paper, we present \textbf{RecAgent}, an uncertainty-aware agent that addresses…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Chao Hao , Shuai Wang , Kaiwen Zhou

Reward-driven proactive dialogue agents require precise estimation of user satisfaction as an intrinsic reward signal to determine optimal interaction strategies. Specifically, this framework triggers clarification questions when detecting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Wei Shen , Xiaonan He , Chuheng Zhang , Xuyun Zhang , Xiaolong Xu , Wanchun Dou

Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have substantially driven the progress of autonomous agents for Graphical User Interface (GUI). Nevertheless, in real-world applications, GUI agents are often faced with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yibo Wang , Guangda Huzhang , Yuwei Hu , Yu Xia , Shiyin Lu , Qing-Guo Chen , Zhao Xu , Weihua Luo , Kaifu Zhang , Lijun Zhang

Proactive dialogue systems, related to a wide range of real-world conversational applications, equip the conversational agent with the capability of leading the conversation direction towards achieving pre-defined targets or fulfilling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Yang Deng , Wenqiang Lei , Wai Lam , Tat-Seng Chua

While GUI agents have shown impressive capabilities in common computer-use tasks such as OSWorld, current benchmarks mainly focus on isolated and single-application tasks. This overlooks a critical real-world requirement of coordinating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jinchao Li , Yunxin Li , Chenrui Zhao , Zhenran Xu , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang