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Time series often appear in an additive hierarchical structure. In such cases, time series on higher levels are the sums of their subordinate time series. This hierarchical structure places a natural constraint on forecasts. However,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-20 Louis Steinmeister , Markus Pauly

Forecast reconciliation has become a prominent topic in recent forecasting literature, with a primary distinction made between cross-sectional and temporal hierarchies. This work focuses on temporal hierarchies, such as aggregating monthly…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-27 Lukas Neubauer , Peter Filzmoser

An important task for any large-scale organization is to prepare forecasts of key performance metrics. Often these organizations are structured in a hierarchical manner and for operational reasons, projections of these metrics may have been…

Applications · Statistics 2017-11-15 Julie Novak , Scott McGarvie , Beatriz Etchegaray Garcia

Model selection has been proven an effective strategy for improving accuracy in time series forecasting applications. However, when dealing with hierarchical time series, apart from selecting the most appropriate forecasting model,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Mahdi Abolghasemi , Rob J Hyndman , Evangelos Spiliotis , Christoph Bergmeir

Multivariate time series forecasting with hierarchical structure is pervasive in real-world applications, demanding not only predicting each level of the hierarchy, but also reconciling all forecasts to ensure coherency, i.e., the forecasts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Shiyu Wang , Fan Zhou , Yinbo Sun , Lintao Ma , James Zhang , Yangfei Zheng

We introduce a dynamic approach to probabilistic forecast reconciliation at scale. Our model differs from the existing literature in this area in several important ways. Firstly we explicitly allow the weights allocated to the base…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-20 Ross Hollyman , Fotios Petropoulos , Michael E. Tipping

We introduce a framework to dynamically combine heterogeneous models called \texttt{DYCHEM}, which forecasts a set of time series that are related through an aggregation hierarchy. Different types of forecasting models can be employed as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Xing Han , Jing Hu , Joydeep Ghosh

Methods for forecasting time series adhering to linear constraints have seen notable development in recent years, especially with the advent of forecast reconciliation. This paper extends forecast reconciliation to the open question of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-27 Daniele Girolimetto , Anastasios Panagiotelis , Tommaso Di Fonzo , Han Li

Aggregation constraints, arising from geographical or sectoral division, frequently emerge in a large set of time series. Coherent forecasts of these constrained series are anticipated to conform to their hierarchical structure organized by…

Applications · Statistics 2026-02-27 Zhichao Wang , Shanshan Wang , Wei Cao , Fei Yang

Forecast reconciliation is an important research topic. Yet, there is currently neither formal framework nor practical method for the probabilistic reconciliation of count time series. In this paper we propose a definition of coherency and…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-28 Giorgio Corani , Dario Azzimonti , Nicolò Rubattu

This paper addresses a common problem with hierarchical time series. Time series analysis demands the series for a model to be the sum of multiple series at corresponding sub-levels. Hierarchical Time Series presents a two-fold problem.…

Applications · Statistics 2022-12-27 Seema Sangari , Xinyan Zhang

Many real-life applications involve simultaneously forecasting multiple time series that are hierarchically related via aggregation or disaggregation operations. For instance, commercial organizations often want to forecast inventories…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Xing Han , Sambarta Dasgupta , Joydeep Ghosh

When forecasting time series with a hierarchical structure, the existing state of the art is to forecast each time series independently, and, in a post-treatment step, to reconcile the time series in a way that respects the hierarchy…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-26 Konstantin Mishchenko , Mallory Montgomery , Federico Vaggi

We consider conformal prediction for multivariate data and focus on hierarchical data, where some components are linear combinations of others. Intuitively, the hierarchical structure can be leveraged to reduce the size of prediction…

In recent works by Yang et al. (2017a,b), and Yagli et al. (2019), geographical, temporal, and sequential deterministic reconciliation of hierarchical photovoltaic (PV) power generation have been considered for a simulated PV dataset in…

Applications · Statistics 2022-09-16 Tommaso Di Fonzo , Daniele Girolimetto

Multivariate time series forecasting with hierarchical structure is widely used in real-world applications, e.g., sales predictions for the geographical hierarchy formed by cities, states, and countries. The hierarchical time series (HTS)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Fan Zhou , Chen Pan , Lintao Ma , Yu Liu , Shiyu Wang , James Zhang , Xinxin Zhu , Xuanwei Hu , Yunhua Hu , Yangfei Zheng , Lei Lei , Yun Hu

The problem of combining multiple forecasts of related quantities that obey expected equality and additivity constraints, often referred to a hierarchical forecast reconciliation, is naturally stated as a simple optimization problem. In…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-10 Tianyu Wang , Matthew C. Johnson , Steven Klee , Matthew L. Malloy

Forecast combinations have been widely applied in the last few decades to improve forecasting. Estimating optimal weights that can outperform simple averages is not always an easy task. In recent years, the idea of using time series…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-22 Yanfei Kang , Wei Cao , Fotios Petropoulos , Feng Li

Hierarchical forecasting with reconciliation requires forecasting values of a hierarchy (e.g.~customer demand in a state and district), such that forecast values are linked (e.g.~ district forecasts should add up to the state forecast).…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Charupriya Sharma , Iñaki Estella Aguerri , Daniel Guimarans

Reconciliation enforces coherence between hierarchical forecasts, in order to satisfy a set of linear constraints. While most works focus on the reconciliation of the point forecasts, we consider probabilistic reconciliation and we analyze…

Applications · Statistics 2024-02-15 Lorenzo Zambon , Arianna Agosto , Paolo Giudici , Giorgio Corani