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Modern LLM based agents are no longer passive text generators. They read repositories, call tools, browse the web, execute code, maintain memory, communicate with other agents, and act through long horizon workflows. This shift moves the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Tianxiao Li , Yixing Ma , Haiquan Wen , Zhenglin Huang , Qianyu Zhou , Zeyu Fu , Guangliang Cheng

Long-term memory is a critical capability for multimodal large language model (MLLM) agents, particularly in conversational settings where information accumulates and evolves over time. However, existing benchmarks either evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Yuanchen Bei , Tianxin Wei , Xuying Ning , Yanjun Zhao , Zhining Liu , Xiao Lin , Yada Zhu , Hendrik Hamann , Jingrui He , Hanghang Tong

Large language model (LLM)-based AI agents extend LLM capabilities by enabling access to tools such as data sources, APIs, search engines, code sandboxes, and even other agents. While this empowers agents to perform complex tasks, LLMs may…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Aarya Doshi , Yining Hong , Congying Xu , Eunsuk Kang , Alexandros Kapravelos , Christian Kästner

Although LLM-based agents, powered by Large Language Models (LLMs), can use external tools and memory mechanisms to solve complex real-world tasks, they may also introduce critical security vulnerabilities. However, the existing literature…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Hanrong Zhang , Jingyuan Huang , Kai Mei , Yifei Yao , Zhenting Wang , Chenlu Zhan , Hongwei Wang , Yongfeng Zhang

Existing evaluations of agents with memory typically assess memorization and action in isolation. One class of benchmarks evaluates memorization by testing recall of past conversations or text but fails to capture how memory is used to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Zexue He , Yu Wang , Churan Zhi , Yuanzhe Hu , Tzu-Ping Chen , Lang Yin , Ze Chen , Tong Arthur Wu , Siru Ouyang , Zihan Wang , Jiaxin Pei , Julian McAuley , Yejin Choi , Alex Pentland

Recently, autonomous agents built on large language models (LLMs) have experienced significant development and are being deployed in real-world applications. These agents can extend the base LLM's capabilities in multiple ways. For example,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Boyang Zhang , Yicong Tan , Yun Shen , Ahmed Salem , Michael Backes , Savvas Zannettou , Yang Zhang

The discourse on privacy risks in Large Language Models (LLMs) has disproportionately focused on verbatim memorization of training data, while a constellation of more immediate and scalable privacy threats remain underexplored. This…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Niloofar Mireshghallah , Tianshi Li

Long-running LLM agents require persistent memory to preserve state across interactions, yet most deployed systems manage memory with age-based retention (e.g., TTL). While TTL bounds item lifetime, it does not bound the computational…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Emmanuel Bamidele

The rapid deployment of LLM-based autonomous agents has introduced safety risks that extend far beyond traditional LLM concerns, prompting a proliferation of safety benchmarks since late 2023. However, these benchmarks have developed…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Miles Q. Li , Benjamin C. M. Fung , Boyang Li , Heba Ismail , Farkhund Iqbal

Modern agentic systems allow Large Language Model (LLM) agents to tackle complex tasks through extensive tool usage, forming structured control flows of tool selection and execution. Existing security analyses often treat these control…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zhenlin Xu , Xiaogang Zhu , Yu Yao , Minhui Xue , Yiliao Song

Safety risks of AI models have been widely studied at deployment time, such as jailbreak attacks that elicit harmful outputs. In contrast, safety risks emerging during training remain largely unexplored. Beyond explicit reward hacking that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Zhexin Zhang , Yida Lu , Junfeng Fang , Junxiao Yang , Shiyao Cui , Hao Zhou , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang , Tat-Seng Chua

Online reinforcement learning agents are currently able to process an increasing amount of data by converting it into a higher order value functions. This expansion of the information collected from the environment increases the agent's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Mirza Ramicic , Andrea Bonarini

Large language models (LLMs) are evolving into autonomous decision-makers, raising concerns about catastrophic risks in high-stakes scenarios, particularly in Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) domains. Based on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Rongwu Xu , Xiaojian Li , Shuo Chen , Wei Xu

Large language model (LLM) agents are constrained by limited context windows, necessitating external memory systems for long-term information understanding. Current memory-augmented agents typically depend on pre-defined instructions and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yu Wang , Ryuichi Takanobu , Zhiqi Liang , Yuzhen Mao , Yuanzhe Hu , Julian McAuley , Xiaojian Wu

LLM agents are increasingly deployed in long-horizon, complex environments to solve challenging problems, but this expansion exposes them to long-horizon attacks that exploit multi-turn user-agent-environment interactions to achieve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Tanqiu Jiang , Yuhui Wang , Jiacheng Liang , Ting Wang

Credible safety plans for advanced AI development require methods to verify agent behavior and detect potential control deficiencies early. A fundamental aspect is ensuring agents adhere to safety-critical principles, especially when these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Ram Potham

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across a wide range of NLP tasks, but they remain fundamentally stateless, constrained by limited context windows that hinder long-horizon reasoning. Recent efforts to…

Autonomous browsing agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to automate web-based tasks. However, their reliance on dynamic content, tool execution, and user-provided data exposes them to a broad attack surface.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Mykyta Mudryi , Markiyan Chaklosh , Grzegorz Wójcik

Extended interaction with large language models (LLMs) has been linked to the reinforcement of delusional beliefs, a phenomenon attracting growing clinical and public concern. Yet most empirical work evaluates model safety in brief…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Luke Nicholls , Robert Hutto , Zephrah Soto , Hamilton Morrin , Thomas Pollak , Raj Korpan , Cheryl Carmichael

The robustness of LLMs to jailbreak attacks, where users design prompts to circumvent safety measures and misuse model capabilities, has been studied primarily for LLMs acting as simple chatbots. Meanwhile, LLM agents -- which use external…

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