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Automatic ICD coding, the task of assigning disease and procedure codes to electronic medical records, is crucial for clinical documentation and billing. While existing methods primarily enhance model understanding of code hierarchies and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Tuan-Dung Le , Shohreh Haddadan , Thanh Q. Thieu

Medical coding is the task of assigning medical codes to clinical free-text documentation. Healthcare professionals manually assign such codes to track patient diagnoses and treatments. Automated medical coding can considerably alleviate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Joakim Edin , Alexander Junge , Jakob D. Havtorn , Lasse Borgholt , Maria Maistro , Tuukka Ruotsalo , Lars Maaløe

Recent advancements in natural language processing (NLP) have led to automation in various domains. However, clinical NLP often relies on benchmark datasets that may not reflect real-world scenarios accurately. Automatic ICD coding, a vital…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Abhijith R. Beeravolu , Mirjam Jonkman , Sami Azam , Friso De Boer

Medical coding is a complex task, requiring assignment of a subset of over 72,000 ICD codes to a patient's notes. Modern natural language processing approaches to these tasks have been challenged by the length of the input and size of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Jay DeYoung , Han-Chin Shing , Luyang Kong , Christopher Winestock , Chaitanya Shivade

Automatic International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding aims to assign multiple ICD codes to a medical note with average length of 3,000+ tokens. This task is challenging due to a high-dimensional space of multi-label assignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Zhichao Yang , Shufan Wang , Bhanu Pratap Singh Rawat , Avijit Mitra , Hong Yu

Accurate International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding is critical for clinical documentation, billing, and healthcare analytics, yet it remains a labour-intensive and error-prone task. Although large language models (LLMs) show…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Hong-Jie Dai , Zheng-Hao Li , An-Tai Lu , Bo-Tsz Shain , Ming-Ta Li , Tatheer Hussain Mir , Kuang-Te Wang , Min-I Su , Pei-Kang Liu , Ming-Ju Tsai

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding assigns diagnosis codes to clinical documents and is essential for healthcare billing and clinical analysis. Reliable coding requires that each predicted code be supported by explicit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Xu Zhang , Wenxin Ma , Chenxu Wu , Rongsheng Wang , Zhiyang He , Xiaodong Tao , Kun Zhang , S. Kevin Zhou

Automated ICD coding, which assigns the International Classification of Disease codes to patient visits, has attracted much research attention since it can save time and labor for billing. The previous state-of-the-art model utilized one…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Fei Li , Hong Yu

Although the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) has been adopted worldwide, manually assigning ICD codes to clinical text is time-consuming, error-prone, and expensive, motivating the development of automated approaches. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Gonçalo Gomes , Isabel Coutinho , Bruno Martins

International Classification of Diseases(ICD) is an authoritative health care classification system of different diseases and conditions for clinical and management purposes. Considering the complicated and dedicated process to assign…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-13 Haoran Shi , Pengtao Xie , Zhiting Hu , Ming Zhang , Eric P. Xing

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a global medical classification system which provides unique codes for diagnoses and procedures appropriate to a patient's clinical record. However, manual coding by human coders is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Daeseong Kim , Haanju Yoo , Sewon Kim

Characterization of a patient clinical phenotype is central to biomedical informatics. ICD codes, assigned to inpatient encounters by coders, is important for population health and cohort discovery when clinical information is limited.…

While the ICD code assignment problem has been widely studied, most works have focused on post-discharge document classification. Models for early forecasting of this information could be used for identifying health risks, suggesting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Cindy Shih-Ting Huang , Clarence Boon Liang Ng , Marek Rei

Automatically associating ICD codes with electronic health data is a well-known NLP task in medical research. NLP has evolved significantly in recent years with the emergence of pre-trained language models based on Transformers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Yakini Tchouka , Jean-François Couchot , David Laiymani , Philippe Selles , Azzedine Rahmani

ICD coding is the international standard for capturing and reporting health conditions and diagnosis for revenue cycle management in healthcare. Manually assigning ICD codes is prone to human error due to the large code vocabulary and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Youngwoo Kim , Cheng Li , Bingyang Ye , Amir Tahmasebi , Javed Aslam

Automatic International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding aims to assign multiple ICD codes to a medical note with an average of 3,000+ tokens. This task is challenging due to the high-dimensional space of multi-label assignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Zhichao Yang , Sunjae Kwon , Zonghai Yao , Hong Yu

ICD Coding aims to assign a wide range of medical codes to a medical text document, which is a popular and challenging task in the healthcare domain. To alleviate the problems of long-tail distribution and the lack of annotations of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Xu Zhang , Kun Zhang , Wenxin Ma , Rongsheng Wang , Chenxu Wu , Yingtai Li , S. Kevin Zhou

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) are the de facto codes used globally for clinical coding. These codes enable healthcare providers to claim reimbursement and facilitate efficient storage and retrieval of diagnostic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Pavithra Rajendran , Alexandros Zenonos , Josh Spear , Rebecca Pope

ICD(International Classification of Diseases) coding involves assigning ICD codes to patients visit based on their medical notes. ICD coding is a challenging multilabel text classification problem due to noisy medical document inputs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Bin Zhang , Junli Wang

The linking of clinical entities is a crucial part of extracting structured information from clinical texts. It is the process of assigning a code from a medical ontology or classification to a phrase in the text. The International…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Sylvia Vassileva , Ivan Koychev , Svetla Boytcheva