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Recent advances in reasoning-focused large language models (LLMs) mark a shift from general LLMs toward models designed for complex decision-making, a crucial aspect in medicine. However, their performance in specialized domains like…

In this position paper, we argue that the classical evaluation on Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks using annotated benchmarks is in trouble. The worst kind of data contamination happens when a Large Language Model (LLM) is trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Oscar Sainz , Jon Ander Campos , Iker García-Ferrero , Julen Etxaniz , Oier Lopez de Lacalle , Eneko Agirre

The rapid integration of large language models (LLMs) into high-stakes legal work has exposed a critical gap: no benchmark exists to systematically stress-test their reliability against the nuanced, adversarial, and often subtle flaws…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Manan Roy Choudhury , Adithya Chandramouli , Mannan Anand , Vivek Gupta

Modern astronomical surveys deliver immense volumes of transient detections, yet distinguishing real astrophysical signals (for example, explosive events) from bogus imaging artefacts remains a challenge. Convolutional neural networks are…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-09 Fiorenzo Stoppa , Turan Bulmus , Steven Bloemen , Stephen J. Smartt , Paul J. Groot , Paul Vreeswijk , Ken W. Smith

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to substantial progress in domain-specific applications, particularly within the legal domain. However, general-purpose models such as GPT-4 often struggle with specialized subdomains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Zixun Lan , Maochun Xu , Yifan Ren , Rui Wu , Jianghui Zhou , Xueyang Cheng , Jianan Ding Ding , Xinheng Wang , Mingmin Chi , Fei Ma

This paper establishes a benchmark for evaluating tool-calling capabilities of large language models (LLMs) on multi-step geospatial tasks relevant to commercial GIS practitioners. We assess eight commercial LLMs (Claude Sonnet 3.5 and 4,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Varvara Krechetova , Denis Kochedykov

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in various aspects. However, when applying them to the highly specialized, safe-critical legal domain, it is unclear how much legal knowledge they possess and whether they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Zhiwei Fei , Xiaoyu Shen , Dawei Zhu , Fengzhe Zhou , Zhuo Han , Songyang Zhang , Kai Chen , Zongwen Shen , Jidong Ge

High-quality textual training data is essential for the success of multimodal data processing tasks, yet outputs from image captioning models like BLIP and GIT often contain errors and anomalies that are difficult to rectify using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Elyas Meguellati , Nardiena Pratama , Shazia Sadiq , Gianluca Demartini

Large Language Models (LLMs) evaluation is a patchy and inconsistent landscape, and it is becoming clear that the quality of automatic evaluation metrics is not keeping up with the pace of development of generative models. We aim to improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Andrea Sottana , Bin Liang , Kai Zou , Zheng Yuan

The recent boom and rapid integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into a wide range of applications warrants a deeper understanding of their security and safety vulnerabilities. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Tom Perel

The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement is the global benchmark for transparent and high-quality reporting of randomized controlled trials. Manual verification of CONSORT adherence is a laborious, time-intensive process…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Zhichao He , Mouxiao Bian , Jianhong Zhu , Jiayuan Chen , Yunqiu Wang , Wenxia Zhao , Tianbin Li , Bing Han , Jie Xu , Junyan Wu

Strategic model selection and reasoning settings are more effective than ensembling for optimizing automated scoring with large language models (LLMs). We examined self-consistency (intra-model majority voting) and reasoning effort for…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Scott Frohn

The growing complexity and diversity of news coverage have made framing analysis a crucial yet challenging task in computational social science. Traditional approaches, including manual annotation and fine-tuned models, remain limited by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Valeria Pastorino , Jasivan A. Sivakumar , Nafise Sadat Moosavi

While Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable reasoning, complex optimization tasks remain challenging, requiring domain knowledge and robust implementation. However, existing benchmarks focus narrowly on Mathematical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Xinyu Zhang , Boxuan Zhang , Yuchen Wan , Lingling Zhang , YiXing Yao , Bifan Wei , Yaqiang Wu , Jun Liu

The deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) in embodied agents creates an urgent need to measure their privacy awareness in the physical world. Existing evaluation methods, however, are confined to natural language based scenarios. To…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Xinjie Shen , Mufei Li , Pan Li

Accessing legal help in Bangladesh is hard. People face high fees, complex legal language, a shortage of lawyers, and millions of unresolved court cases. Generative AI models like OpenAI GPT-4.1 Mini, Gemini 2.0 Flash, Meta Llama 3 70B, and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Sabik Aftahee , A. F. M. Farhad , Arpita Mallik , Ratnajit Dhar , Jawadul Karim , Nahiyan Bin Noor , Ishmam Ahmed Solaiman

The purpose of this study is to assess how large language models (LLMs) can be used for fact-checking and contribute to the broader debate on the use of automated means for veracity identification. To achieve this purpose, we use AI…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Elizaveta Kuznetsova , Ilaria Vitulano , Mykola Makhortykh , Martha Stolze , Tomas Nagy , Victoria Vziatysheva

The identification and localization of errors is a core task in peer review, yet the exponential growth of scientific output has made it increasingly difficult for human reviewers to reliably detect errors given the limited pool of experts.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Sarina Xi , Vishisht Rao , Justin Payan , Nihar B. Shah

Large Language Models (LLMs) hold the potential to revolutionize autoformalization. The introduction of Lean4, a mathematical programming language, presents an unprecedented opportunity to rigorously assess the autoformalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Aryan Gulati , Devanshu Ladsaria , Shubhra Mishra , Jasdeep Sidhu , Brando Miranda

While Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly envisioned as intelligent assistants for personalized learning, systematic head-to-head evaluations in authentic learning scenarios remain scarce. This study presents an empirical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Bo Yuan , Jiazi Hu