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As vision-language models (VLMs) tackle increasingly complex and multimodal tasks, the rapid growth of Key-Value (KV) cache imposes significant memory and computational bottlenecks during inference. While Multi-Head Latent Attention (MLA)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Xiaoran Fan , Zhichao Sun , Tao Ji , Lixing Shen , Tao Gui

Building efficient neural network architectures can be a time-consuming task requiring extensive expert knowledge. This task becomes particularly challenging for edge devices because one has to consider parameters such as power consumption…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Md Hafizur Rahman , Prabuddha Chakraborty

The rapid scaling of large language models (LLMs) has unveiled critical limitations in current hardware architectures, including constraints in memory capacity, computational efficiency, and interconnection bandwidth. DeepSeek-V3, trained…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Chenggang Zhao , Chengqi Deng , Chong Ruan , Damai Dai , Huazuo Gao , Jiashi Li , Liyue Zhang , Panpan Huang , Shangyan Zhou , Shirong Ma , Wenfeng Liang , Ying He , Yuqing Wang , Yuxuan Liu , Y. X. Wei

The rapid growth of LLMs demands high-throughput, memory-capacity-intensive inference on resource-constrained edge devices, where single-batch decoding remains fundamentally memory-bound. Existing out-of-core GPU-based and SSD-like…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Mingbo Hao , Changwei Yan , Haoyu Cui , Zhihao Yan , Yizhi Ding , Zhangrui Qian , Weiwei Shan

We present LFM2, a family of Liquid Foundation Models designed for efficient on-device deployment and strong task capabilities. Using hardware-in-the-loop architecture search under edge latency and memory constraints, we obtain a compact…

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a powerful foundation for intelligent reasoning and decision-making, demonstrating substantial impact across a wide range of domains and applications. However, their massive parameter scales and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Mingyu Sun , Xiao Zhang , Shen Qu , Yan Li , Mengbai Xiao , Yuan Yuan , Dongxiao Yu

Automatic algorithm-hardware co-design for DNN has shown great success in improving the performance of DNNs on FPGAs. However, this process remains challenging due to the intractable search space of neural network architectures and hardware…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Zhen Dong , Yizhao Gao , Qijing Huang , John Wawrzynek , Hayden K. H. So , Kurt Keutzer

The rapid proliferation of computing domains relying on Internet of Things (IoT) devices has created a pressing need for efficient and accurate deep-learning (DL) models that can run on low-power devices. However, traditional DL models tend…

We implement a differentiable Neural Architecture Search (NAS) method inspired by FBNet for discovering neural networks that are heavily optimized for a particular target device. The FBNet NAS method discovers a neural network from a given…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-19 Sai Vineeth Kalluru Srinivas , Harideep Nair , Vinay Vidyasagar

Hardware-Aware Neural Architecture Search (HW-NAS) has emerged as a powerful tool for designing efficient deep neural networks (DNNs) tailored to edge devices. However, existing methods remain largely impractical for real-world deployment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Xiaolong Tu , Dawei Chen , Kyungtae Han , Onur Altintas , Haoxin Wang

Designing low-latency and high-efficiency hybrid networks for a variety of low-cost commodity edge devices is both costly and tedious, leading to the adoption of hardware-aware neural architecture search (NAS) for finding optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Hung-Yueh Chiang , Diana Marculescu

With the rise of Transformer models in NLP and CV domain, Multi-Head Attention has been proven to be a game-changer. However, its expensive computation poses challenges to the model throughput and efficiency, especially for the long…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-12 Jiing-Ping Wang , Ming-Guang Lin , An-Yeu , Wu

Neural Architecture Search (NAS) is quickly becoming the go-to approach to optimize the structure of Deep Learning (DL) models for complex tasks such as Image Classification or Object Detection. However, many other relevant applications of…

This paper introduces MARCO (Multi-Agent Reinforcement learning with Conformal Optimization), a novel hardware-aware framework for efficient neural architecture search (NAS) targeting resource-constrained edge devices. By significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Arya Fayyazi , Mehdi Kamal , Massoud Pedram

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly capable at small parameter scales. At the same time, conventional cloud-centric deployment introduces challenges around data privacy, latency, and cost that are acute in operational…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Harri Renney , Fouad Trad , Michael Mattarock , Zena Wood

The rising computational and energy demands of deep learning, particularly in large-scale architectures such as foundation models and large language models (LLMs), pose significant challenges to sustainability. Traditional gradient-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Mohammad Saleh Vahdatpour , Huaiyuan Chu , Yanqing Zhang

While scaling laws have been continuously validated in large language models (LLMs) with increasing model parameters, the inherent tension between the inference demands of LLMs and the limited resources of edge devices poses a critical…

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have achieved huge success in the natural language processing (NLP) field, driving a growing demand to extend their deployment from the cloud to edge devices. However, deploying LLMs on…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Yanbiao Liang , Huihong Shi , Haikuo Shao , Zhongfeng Wang

With the emergence of wearable devices and other embedded systems, deploying large language models (LLMs) on edge platforms has become an urgent need. However, this is challenging because of their high computational and memory demands.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Ye Qiao , Zhiheng Chen , Yifan Zhang , Yian Wang , Sitao Huang

Recent advances in Neural Architecture Search (NAS) such as one-shot NAS offer the ability to extract specialized hardware-aware sub-network configurations from a task-specific super-network. While considerable effort has been employed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Daniel Cummings , Anthony Sarah , Sharath Nittur Sridhar , Maciej Szankin , Juan Pablo Munoz , Sairam Sundaresan