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Tokenization is a fundamental component of large language models (LLMs), yet its influence on model scaling and performance is not fully explored. In this paper, we introduce Over-Tokenized Transformers, a novel framework that decouples…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Hongzhi Huang , Defa Zhu , Banggu Wu , Yutao Zeng , Ya Wang , Qiyang Min , Xun Zhou

Domain adaptation aims to enable Large Language Models (LLMs) to generalize domain datasets unseen effectively during the training phase. However, factors such as the size of the model parameters and the scale of training data are general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Yinghao Li , Siyu Miao , Heyan Huang , Yang Gao

Scaling large language models by increasing parameters and training data is increasingly constrained by limited high-quality corpora and rising communication costs. This work explores an alternative axis: increasing per-token computation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Boyi Zeng , Yiqin Hao , He Li , Shixiang Song , Feichen Song , Zitong Wang , Siyuan Huang , Yi Xu , ZiWei He , Xinbing Wang , Zhouhan Lin

Compositional and domain generalization present significant challenges in semantic parsing, even for state-of-the-art semantic parsers based on pre-trained language models (LMs). In this study, we empirically investigate improving an LM's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Daking Rai , Bailin Wang , Yilun Zhou , Ziyu Yao

The number of pretrained Large Language Models (LLMs) is increasing steadily, though the majority are designed predominantly for the English language. While state-of-the-art LLMs can handle other languages, due to language contamination or…

We propose task-adaptive tokenization as a way to adapt the generation pipeline to the specifics of a downstream task and enhance long-form generation in mental health. Inspired by insights from cognitive science, our task-adaptive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Siyang Liu , Naihao Deng , Sahand Sabour , Yilin Jia , Minlie Huang , Rada Mihalcea

The most advanced abstractive dialogue summarizers lack generalization ability on new domains and the existing researches for domain adaptation in summarization generally rely on large-scale pre-trainings. To explore the lightweight…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Lulu Zhao , Fujia Zheng , Weihao Zeng , Keqing He , Weiran Xu , Huixing Jiang , Wei Wu , Yanan Wu

The vocabulary used by language models (LM) - defined by the tokenizer - plays a key role in text generation quality. However, its impact remains under-explored in radiology. In this work, we address this gap by systematically comparing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Hermione Warr , Wentian Xu , Harry Anthony , Yasin Ibrahim , Daniel McGowan , Konstantinos Kamnitsas

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated excellent performance in general language understanding, generation and other tasks. However, when fine-tuning for specific domain tasks, the general knowledge accumulated in the pre-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Weijie Wan , Jiangjiang Zhao

Despite the advances in the abstractive summarization task using Large Language Models (LLM), there is a lack of research that asses their abilities to easily adapt to different domains. We evaluate the domain adaptation abilities of a wide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Anum Afzal , Ribin Chalumattu , Florian Matthes , Laura Mascarell

We systematically investigate lightweight strategies to adapt large language models (LLMs) for the task of radiology report summarization (RRS). Specifically, we focus on domain adaptation via pretraining (on natural language, biomedical…

Pre-trained language models (PTLMs) acquire domain-independent linguistic knowledge through pre-training with massive textual resources. Additional pre-training is effective in adapting PTLMs to domains that are not well covered by the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Kosuke Nishida , Kyosuke Nishida , Sen Yoshida

Adapting language models to new data distributions by simple finetuning is challenging. This is due to the rigidity of their subword tokenizers, which typically remain unchanged during adaptation. This inflexibility often leads to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Abraham Toluwase Owodunni , Orevaoghene Ahia , Sachin Kumar

Large-scale learning of transformer language models has yielded improvements on a variety of natural language understanding tasks. Whether they can be effectively adapted for summarization, however, has been less explored, as the learned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Andrew Hoang , Antoine Bosselut , Asli Celikyilmaz , Yejin Choi

Adapting large language models (LLMs) to downstream tasks via full fine-tuning is increasingly impractical due to its computational and memory demands. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) approaches such as Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jing Gao , Zhong-Yi Lu , Pan Zhang , Ze-Feng Gao

The Query Focused Text Summarization (QFTS) task aims at building systems that generate the summary of the text document(s) based on the given query. A key challenge in addressing this task is the lack of large labeled data for training the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Md Tahmid Rahman Laskar , Enamul Hoque , Jimmy Xiangji Huang

Conventional fine-tuning encounters increasing difficulties given the size of current Pre-trained Language Models, which makes parameter-efficient tuning become the focal point of frontier research. Previous methods in this field add…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-12 Wang Qi , Yu-Ping Ruan , Yuan Zuo , Taihao Li

Subword tokenization is a commonly used input pre-processing step in most recent NLP models. However, it limits the models' ability to leverage end-to-end task learning. Its frequency-based vocabulary creation compromises tokenization in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Md Mofijul Islam , Gustavo Aguilar , Pragaash Ponnusamy , Clint Solomon Mathialagan , Chengyuan Ma , Chenlei Guo

The application of large language models (LLMs) to chemistry is frequently hampered by a "tokenization bottleneck", where tokenizers tuned on general-domain text tend to fragment chemical representations such as SMILES into semantically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Prathamesh Kalamkar , Ned Letcher , Meissane Chami , Sahger Lad , Shayan Mohanty , Prasanna Pendse

Current language models (LMs) use a fixed, static subword tokenizer. This default choice typically results in degraded efficiency and language capabilities, especially in languages other than English. To address this issue, we challenge the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Darius Feher , Ivan Vulić , Benjamin Minixhofer