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Evaluating the emotional intelligence (EI) of audio language models (ALMs) is critical. However, existing benchmarks mostly rely on synthesized speech, are limited to single-turn interactions, and depend heavily on open-ended scoring. This…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-27 Shuiyuan Wang , Zhixian Zhao , Hongfei Xue , Chengyou Wang , Shuai Wang , Hui Bu , Xin Xu , Lei Xie

Existing Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) generally focus on only a few regions and languages. As LMMs continue to improve, it is increasingly important to ensure they understand cultural contexts, respect local sensitivities, and support…

Connecting text and visual modalities plays an essential role in generative intelligence. For this reason, inspired by the success of large language models, significant research efforts are being devoted to the development of Multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Davide Caffagni , Federico Cocchi , Luca Barsellotti , Nicholas Moratelli , Sara Sarto , Lorenzo Baraldi , Lorenzo Baraldi , Marcella Cornia , Rita Cucchiara

While large multimodal models (LMMs) have demonstrated strong performance across various Visual Question Answering (VQA) tasks, certain challenges require complex multi-step reasoning to reach accurate answers. One particularly challenging…

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs), building upon the foundation of powerful large language models (LLMs), have recently demonstrated exceptional capabilities in generating not only texts but also images given interleaved multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Bohao Li , Yuying Ge , Yixiao Ge , Guangzhi Wang , Rui Wang , Ruimao Zhang , Ying Shan

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising results in complex reasoning tasks. However, current evaluations predominantly focus on single-turn reasoning scenarios, leaving interactive tasks largely unexplored. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Xiaoyuan Li , Keqin Bao , Yubo Ma , Moxin Li , Wenjie Wang , Rui Men , Yichang Zhang , Fuli Feng , Dayiheng Liu

Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs), such as GPT-4o, have recently unlocked audio dialogue capabilities, enabling direct spoken exchanges with humans. The potential of LALMs broadens their applicability across a wide range of practical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Kuofeng Gao , Shu-Tao Xia , Ke Xu , Philip Torr , Jindong Gu

Providing timely, targeted, and multimodal feedback helps students quickly correct errors, build deep understanding and stay motivated, yet making it at scale remains a challenge. This study introduces a real-time AI-facilitated multimodal…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Chloe Qianhui Zhao , Jie Cao , Jionghao Lin , Kenneth R. Koedinger

Recent multimodal large language models (MLLMs) achieve strong performance on reactive question answering, but real-world streaming assistants require proactive reasoning over continuous visual inputs. Existing benchmarks mainly study…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Jinzhao Li , Yinuo Chen , Wenxuan Song , Yijia Lei , Yichi Zhang , Honglei Yan , Panwang Pan , Miao Liu

The rapidly developing field of large multimodal models (LMMs) has led to the emergence of diverse models with remarkable capabilities. However, existing benchmarks fail to comprehensively, objectively and accurately evaluate whether LMMs…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong potential as conversational agents. Yet, their effectiveness remains limited by deficiencies in robust long-term memory, particularly in complex, long-term web-based services such as online…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Tiantian Chen , Jiaqi Lu , Ying Shen , Lin Zhang

Urban development impacts over half of the global population, making human-centered understanding of its structural and perceptual changes essential for sustainable development. While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Jun He , Yi Lin , Zilong Huang , Jiacong Yin , Junyan Ye , Yuchuan Zhou , Weijia Li , Xiang Zhang

Despite broad interest in modeling spoken dialogue agents, most approaches are inherently "half-duplex" -- restricted to turn-based interaction with responses requiring explicit prompting by the user or implicit tracking of interruption or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Bandhav Veluri , Benjamin N Peloquin , Bokai Yu , Hongyu Gong , Shyamnath Gollakota

Multimodal LLMs are increasingly deployed as perceptual backbones for autonomous agents in 3D environments, from robotics to virtual worlds. These applications require agents to perceive rapid state changes, attribute actions to the correct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yunzhe Wang , Runhui Xu , Kexin Zheng , Tianyi Zhang , Jayavibhav Niranjan Kogundi , Soham Hans , Volkan Ustun

While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made significant strides in natural image understanding, their ability to perceive and reason over hyperspectral image (HSI) remains underexplored, which is a vital modality in remote…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Xinyu Zhang , Zurong Mai , Qingmei Li , Zjin Liao , Yibin Wen , Yuhang Chen , Xiaoya Fan , Chan Tsz Ho , Bi Tianyuan , Haoyuan Liang , Ruifeng Su , Zihao Qian , Juepeng Zheng , Jianxi Huang , Yutong Lu , Haohuan Fu

Understanding fine-grained temporal dynamics is crucial for multimodal video comprehension and generation. Due to the lack of fine-grained temporal annotations, existing video benchmarks mostly resemble static image benchmarks and are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Mu Cai , Reuben Tan , Jianrui Zhang , Bocheng Zou , Kai Zhang , Feng Yao , Fangrui Zhu , Jing Gu , Yiwu Zhong , Yuzhang Shang , Yao Dou , Jaden Park , Jianfeng Gao , Yong Jae Lee , Jianwei Yang

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities, yet their performance is often capped by the coarse nature of existing alignment techniques. A critical bottleneck remains the lack of effective reward models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zicheng Kong , Dehua Ma , Zhenbo Xu , Alven Yang , Yiwei Ru , Haoran Wang , Zixuan Zhou , Fuqing Bie , Liuyu Xiang , Huijia Wu , Jian Zhao , Zhaofeng He

Understanding social interaction in video requires reasoning over a dynamic interplay of verbal and non-verbal cues: who is speaking, to whom, and with what gaze or gestures. While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are natural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Liangyang Ouyang , Yifei Huang , Mingfang Zhang , Caixin Kang , Ryosuke Furuta , Yoichi Sato

As digital platforms redefine educational paradigms, ensuring interactivity remains vital for effective learning. This paper explores using Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to automatically respond to student questions from online…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Sourjyadip Ray , Shubham Sharma , Somak Aditya , Pawan Goyal

Recent advances in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) have significantly improved response accuracy and relevance by incorporating external knowledge into Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing RAG methods primarily focus on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Qinhan Yu , Zhiyou Xiao , Binghui Li , Zhengren Wang , Chong Chen , Wentao Zhang