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Autonomous AI agents live or die by the API tokens they consume: without paid inference capacity they cannot reason, act, or delegate. Compute-token cost has become the binding resource of the emerging agent economy, yet it is…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Shaoyu Li , Chaoyu Zhang , Hexuan Yu , Y. Thomas Hou , Wenjing Lou

LLM agents are expected to complete end-to-end units of work across software tools, business services, and local workspaces. Yet many agent benchmarks freeze a curated task set at release time and grade mainly the final response, making it…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Chenxin Li , Zhengyang Tang , Mingxin Huang , Yunlong Lin , Shijue Huang , Shengyuan Liu , Bowen Ye , Rang Li , Lei Li , Benyou Wang , Yixuan Yuan

Computer-use agents provide a promising path toward general software automation because they can interact directly with arbitrary graphical user interfaces instead of relying on brittle, application-specific integrations. Despite recent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jinbiao Wei , Kangqi Ni , Yilun Zhao , Guo Gan , Arman Cohan

Despite remarkable advancements in emulating human-like behavior through Large Language Models (LLMs), current textual simulations do not adequately address the notion of time. To this end, we introduce TimeArena, a novel textual simulated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Yikai Zhang , Siyu Yuan , Caiyu Hu , Kyle Richardson , Yanghua Xiao , Jiangjie Chen

Skele-Code is a natural-language and graph-based interface for building workflows with AI agents, designed especially for less or non-technical users. It supports incremental, interactive notebook-style development, and each step is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Sriram Gopalakrishnan

Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) are a feature of modern central processing units (CPUs) that aim to provide a high assurance, isolated environment in which to run workloads that demand both confidentiality and integrity. Hardware and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Arttu Paju , Muhammad Owais Javed , Juha Nurmi , Juha Savimäki , Brian McGillion , Billy Bob Brumley

Developing AI agents to autonomously manipulate graphical user interfaces is a long challenging task. Recent advances in data scaling law inspire us to train computer-use agents with a scaled instruction set, yet using behavior cloning to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Fanbin Lu , Zhisheng Zhong , Ziqin Wei , Shu Liu , Chi-Wing Fu , Jiaya Jia

The dominant paradigm for AI agents is an "on-the-fly" loop in which agents synthesize plans and execute actions within seconds or minutes in response to user prompts. We argue that this paradigm short-circuits disciplined software…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Roxana Geambasu , Mariana Raykova , Pierre Tholoniat , Trishita Tiwari , Lillian Tsai , Wen Zhang

(M)LLM-powered computer use agents (CUA) are emerging as a transformative technique to automate human-computer interaction. However, existing CUA benchmarks predominantly target GUI agents, whose evaluation methods are susceptible to UI…

We study how to endow GUI agents with scalable memory that help generalize across unfamiliar interfaces and long-horizon tasks. Prior GUI agents compress past trajectories into text tokens, which balloons context length and misses decisive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Wenyi Wu , Kun Zhou , Ruoxin Yuan , Vivian Yu , Stephen Wang , Zhiting Hu , Biwei Huang

We introduce AgentSynth, a scalable and cost-efficient pipeline for automatically synthesizing high-quality tasks and trajectory datasets for generalist computer-use agents. Leveraging information asymmetry, AgentSynth constructs subtasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jingxu Xie , Dylan Xu , Xuandong Zhao , Dawn Song

In existing systems, to perform any bulk data movement operation (copy or initialization), the data has to first be read into the on-chip processor, all the way into the L1 cache, and the result of the operation must be written back to main…

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents have emerged as a promising paradigm for intelligent systems that perceive and interact with graphical interfaces visually. Yet supervised fine-tuning alone cannot handle long-horizon credit assignment,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Junan Hu , Jian Liu , Jingxiang Lai , Jiarui Hu , Yiwei Sheng , Shuang Chen , Jian Li , Dazhao Du , Song Guo

Complex visual interfaces are powerful yet have a steep learning curve, as users must navigate feature-rich visual interfaces while reasoning about domain-specific operations. Existing approaches either deliver assistance through a separate…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Pan Hao , Rishi Selvakumaran , Jacob Sun , Qianwen Wang

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are rapidly emerging as powerful systems for automating tasks across domains. Yet progress in the open-source community is constrained by the lack of high quality permissively licensed tool-agentic training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Zhangchen Xu , Adriana Meza Soria , Shawn Tan , Anurag Roy , Ashish Sunil Agrawal , Radha Poovendran , Rameswar Panda

Recent progress in GUI agents has substantially improved visual grounding, yet robust planning remains challenging, particularly when the environment deviates from a canonical initial state. In real applications, users often invoke…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Henry Hengyuan Zhao , Kaiming Yang , Wendi Yu , Difei Gao , Mike Zheng Shou

Scientific applications continue to rely on legacy Fortran codebases originally developed for homogeneous, CPU-based systems. As High-Performance Computing (HPC) shifts toward heterogeneous GPU-accelerated architectures, many accelerators…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Sparsh Gupta , Kamalavasan Kamalakkannan , Maxim Moraru , Galen Shipman , Patrick Diehl

Image virtual try-on replaces the clothes on a person image with a desired in-shop clothes image. It is challenging because the person and the in-shop clothes are unpaired. Existing methods formulate virtual try-on as either in-painting or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-22 Chongjian Ge , Yibing Song , Yuying Ge , Han Yang , Wei Liu , Ping Luo

Professional creative software has steep learning curves for novices due to complex interfaces, limited guidance, and unfamiliar terminology. To support educators and tool creators in addressing learner challenges, we introduce TaskLens, an…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yimeng Liu , Misha Sra

Recently, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have been used as agents to control keyboard and mouse inputs by directly perceiving the Graphical User Interface (GUI) and generating corresponding commands. However, current agents…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Dongping Chen , Yue Huang , Siyuan Wu , Jingyu Tang , Liuyi Chen , Yilin Bai , Zhigang He , Chenlong Wang , Huichi Zhou , Yiqiang Li , Tianshuo Zhou , Yue Yu , Chujie Gao , Qihui Zhang , Yi Gui , Zhen Li , Yao Wan , Pan Zhou , Jianfeng Gao , Lichao Sun