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Test-time adaptation (TTA) has emerged as a viable solution to adapt pre-trained models to domain shifts using unlabeled test data. However, TTA faces challenges of adaptation failures due to its reliance on blind adaptation to unknown test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Taeckyung Lee , Sorn Chottananurak , Taesik Gong , Sung-Ju Lee

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is the problem of updating a pre-trained source model at inference time given test input(s) from a different target domain. Most existing TTA approaches assume the setting in which the target domain is stationary,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Dhanajit Brahma , Piyush Rai

Test-time adaptation (TTA) refers to adapting a classifier for the test data when the probability distribution of the test data slightly differs from that of the training data of the model. To the best of our knowledge, most of the existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Sravan Danda , Aditya Challa , Shlok Mehendale , Snehanshu Saha

This paper investigates test-time adaptation (TTA) for regression, where a regression model pre-trained in a source domain is adapted to an unknown target distribution with unlabeled target data. Although regression is one of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Kazuki Adachi , Shin'ya Yamaguchi , Atsutoshi Kumagai , Tomoki Hamagami

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) enables pre-trained models to adjust to distribution shift by learning from unlabeled test-time streams. However, existing methods typically treat these streams as independent samples, overlooking the supervisory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Young Kyung Kim , Oded Schlesinger , Qiangqiang Wu , J. Matías Di Martino , Guillermo Sapiro

Real-world image recognition systems often face corrupted input images, which cause distribution shifts and degrade the performance of models. These systems often use a single prediction model in a central server and process images sent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Kazuki Adachi , Shin'ya Yamaguchi , Atsutoshi Kumagai

Prior to the deployment of robotic systems, pre-training the deep-recognition models on all potential visual cases is infeasible in practice. Hence, test-time adaptation (TTA) allows the model to adapt itself to novel environments and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Junha Song , Kwanyong Park , InKyu Shin , Sanghyun Woo , Chaoning Zhang , In So Kweon

Fully Test-Time Adaptation (TTA), which aims at adapting models to data drifts, has recently attracted wide interest. Numerous tricks and techniques have been proposed to ensure robust learning on arbitrary streams of unlabeled data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Saypraseuth Mounsaveng , Florent Chiaroni , Malik Boudiaf , Marco Pedersoli , Ismail Ben Ayed

Text understanding often suffers from domain shifts. To handle testing domains, domain adaptation (DA) is trained to adapt to a fixed and observed testing domain; a more challenging paradigm, test-time adaptation (TTA), cannot access the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Tianlun Liu , Zhiliang Tian , Zhen Huang , Xingzhi Zhou , Wanlong Yu , Tianle Liu , Feng Liu , Dongsheng Li

Test-time adaptation (TTA) intends to adapt the pretrained model to test distributions with only unlabeled test data streams. Most of the previous TTA methods have achieved great success on simple test data streams such as independently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Longhui Yuan , Binhui Xie , Shuang Li

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to improve model generalizability when test data diverges from training distribution, offering the distinct advantage of not requiring access to training data and processes, especially valuable in the context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Yige Yuan , Bingbing Xu , Liang Hou , Fei Sun , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

Electroencephalography (EEG) foundation models have shown strong potential for learning generalizable representations from large-scale neural data, yet their clinical deployment is hindered by distribution shifts across clinical settings,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Gabriel Jason Lee , Jathurshan Pradeepkumar , Jimeng Sun

Test-time adaptation (TTA) seeks to tackle potential distribution shifts between training and testing data by adapting a given model w.r.t. any testing sample. This task is particularly important for deep models when the test environment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Shuaicheng Niu , Jiaxiang Wu , Yifan Zhang , Yaofo Chen , Shijian Zheng , Peilin Zhao , Mingkui Tan

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt a pre-trained model to the target domain in a batch-by-batch manner during inference. While label distributions often exhibit imbalances in real-world scenarios, most previous TTA approaches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Sunghyun Park , Seunghan Yang , Jaegul Choo , Sungrack Yun

Multi-modal test-time adaptation (TTA) enhances the resilience of benchmark multi-modal models against distribution shifts by leveraging the unlabeled target data during inference. Despite the documented success, the advancement of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Jinglin Xu , Yi Li , Chuxiong Sun , Xiao Xu , Jiangmeng Li , Fanjiang Xu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is an emerging paradigm that addresses distributional shifts between training and testing phases without additional data acquisition or labeling cost; only unlabeled test data streams are used for continual model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Taesik Gong , Jongheon Jeong , Taewon Kim , Yewon Kim , Jinwoo Shin , Sung-Ju Lee

Graph-based learning excels at capturing interaction patterns in diverse domains like recommendation, fraud detection, and particle physics. However, its performance often degrades under distribution shifts, especially those altering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Hans Hao-Hsun Hsu , Shikun Liu , Han Zhao , Pan Li

Test Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses the problem of distribution shift by adapting a pretrained model to a new domain during inference. When faced with challenging shifts, most methods collapse and perform worse than the original pretrained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Sabyasachi Sahoo , Mostafa ElAraby , Jonas Ngnawe , Yann Pequignot , Frederic Precioso , Christian Gagne

Deep classifiers may encounter significant performance degradation when processing unseen testing data from varying centers, vendors, and protocols. Ensuring the robustness of deep models against these domain shifts is crucial for their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Yuhao Huang , Xin Yang , Xiaoqiong Huang , Xinrui Zhou , Haozhe Chi , Haoran Dou , Xindi Hu , Jian Wang , Xuedong Deng , Dong Ni

Domain adaptation helps generalizing object detection models to target domain data with distribution shift. It is often achieved by adapting with access to the whole target domain data. In a more realistic scenario, target distribution is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Yijin Chen , Xun Xu , Yongyi Su , Kui Jia