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Automated assessment of open-ended student responses is a critical capability for scaling personalized feedback in education. While large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in grading tasks via in-context learning (ICL), their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yucheng Chu , Hang Li , Kaiqi Yang , Yasemin Copur-Gencturk , Kevin Haudek , Joseph Krajcik , Jiliang Tang

Evaluating agentic AI on open-ended professional tasks faces a fundamental dilemma between rigor and flexibility. Static rubrics provide rigorous, reproducible assessment but fail to accommodate diverse valid response strategies, while…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Lanbo Lin , Jiayao Liu , Tianyuan Yang , Li Cai , Yuanwu Xu , Lei Wei , Sicong Xie , Guannan Zhang

This paper presents a novel framework for enhancing reasoning capabilities in large language models (LLMs) by leveraging iterative reasoning and feedback-driven methodologies. Building on the limitations identified in the SimpleBench…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Soham Sane , Angus McLean

Providing feedback on the argumentation of the learner is essential for developing critical thinking skills, however, it requires a lot of time and effort. To mitigate the overload on teachers, we aim to automate a process of providing…

Legal dispute analysis is crucial for intelligent legal assistance systems. However, current LLMs face significant challenges in understanding complex legal concepts, maintaining reasoning consistency, and accurately citing legal sources.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Mingda Zhang , Na Zhao , Jianglong Qing , Qing xu , Kaiwen Pan , Ting luo

Prompt-based methods have become increasingly popular among information extraction tasks, especially in low-data scenarios. By formatting a finetune task into a pre-training objective, prompt-based methods resolve the data scarce problem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Jiaju Lin , Jie Zhou , Qin Chen

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have highlighted their potential across a variety of tasks, but their performance still heavily relies on the design of effective prompts. Existing methods for automatic prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Chenyi Zhou , Zhengyan Shi , Yuan Yao , Lei Liang , Huajun Chen , Qiang Zhang

Recent advances in Reinforcement Learning (RL) have underscored its potential for incentivizing reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing step-level efforts suffer from costly annotations that limit domain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Junjie Zhang , Guozheng Ma , Shunyu Liu , Zetian Hu , Yongcheng Jing , Ting-En Lin , Yongbin Li , Dacheng Tao

Learning argumentative writing is challenging. Besides writing fundamentals such as syntax and grammar, learners must select and arrange argument components meaningfully to create high-quality essays. To support argumentative writing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Maja Stahl , Nadine Michel , Sebastian Kilsbach , Julian Schmidtke , Sara Rezat , Henning Wachsmuth

Existing reasoning evaluation paradigms suffer from different limitations: fixed benchmarks are increasingly saturated and vulnerable to contamination, while preference-based evaluations rely on subjective judgments. We argue that a core…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Baoqing Yue , Zihan Zhu , Yutong Han , Brian Fan , Qian Sun , Jichen Feng , Hufei Yang , Yifan Zhang , Mengdi Wang

We present a computational exploration of argument critique writing by young students. Middle school students were asked to criticize an argument presented in the prompt, focusing on identifying and explaining the reasoning flaws. This task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Debanjan Ghosh , Beata Beigman Klebanov , Yi Song

Multi-trait automated essay scoring (AES) systems provide a fine-grained evaluation of an essay's diverse aspects. While they excel in scoring, prior systems fail to explain why specific trait scores are assigned. This lack of transparency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Heejin Do , Sangwon Ryu , Gary Geunbae Lee

Existing debiasing techniques are typically training-based or require access to the model's internals and output distributions, so they are inaccessible to end-users looking to adapt LLM outputs for their particular needs. In this study, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Shaz Furniturewala , Surgan Jandial , Abhinav Java , Pragyan Banerjee , Simra Shahid , Sumit Bhatia , Kokil Jaidka

For many use-cases, it is often important to explain the prediction of a black-box model by identifying the most influential training data samples. Existing approaches lack customization for user intent and often provide a homogeneous set…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Ikhtiyor Nematov , Dimitris Sacharidis , Tomer Sagi , Katja Hose

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit nonlinear relationships between performance, cost, and token usage. This paper presents a quantitative study on structured prompting using BRAID (Bounded Reasoning for Au tonomous Inference and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Armağan Amcalar , Eyup Cinar

Automated Essay scoring has been explored as a research and industry problem for over 50 years. It has drawn a lot of attention from the NLP community because of its clear educational value as a research area that can engender the creation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Yann Hicke , Tonghua Tian , Karan Jha , Choong Hee Kim

Argument Mining(AM) aims to uncover the argumentative structures within a text. Previous methods require several subtasks, such as span identification, component classification, and relation classification. Consequently, these methods need…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Masayuki Kawarada , Tsutomu Hirao , Wataru Uchida , Masaaki Nagata

The spread of misinformation, propaganda, and flawed argumentation has been amplified in the Internet era. Given the volume of data and the subtlety of identifying violations of argumentation norms, supporting information analytics tasks,…

Prompt optimization improves the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs) without requiring parameter updates to the target model. Following heuristic-based "Think step by step" approaches, the field has evolved in two main…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Andreea Nica , Ivan Zakazov , Nicolas Mario Baldwin , Saibo Geng , Robert West

We present IntelliProof, an interactive system for analyzing argumentative essays through LLMs. IntelliProof structures an essay as an argumentation graph, where claims are represented as nodes, supporting evidence is attached as node…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Kaveh Eskandari Miandoab , Katharine Kowalyshyn , Kabir Pamnani , Anesu Gavhera , Vasanth Sarathy , Matthias Scheutz