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Inference with Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) on long sequences is both costly and slow due to the quadratic complexity of the self-attention mechanism. We introduce Star Attention, a two-phase block-sparse approximation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Shantanu Acharya , Fei Jia , Boris Ginsburg

As the context window expands, self-attention increasingly dominates the transformer's inference time. Therefore, accelerating attention computation while minimizing performance degradation is essential for the efficient deployment of Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Eli Sason , Darya Frolova , Boris Nazarov , Felix Goldberd

Linear-attention models that compress the entire input sequence into a fixed-size recurrent state offer an efficient alternative to Transformers, but their finite memory induces forgetfulness that harms retrieval-intensive tasks. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Mutian He , Philip N. Garner

Sparse attention improves LLM inference efficiency by selecting a subset of key-value entries, but at the cost of potential accuracy degradation. In particular, omitting critical KV entries can induce substantial errors in model outputs.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Mohsen Dehghankar , Abolfazl Asudeh

Transformers have demonstrated great success in numerous domains including natural language processing and bioinformatics. This success stems from the use of the attention mechanism by these models in order to represent and propagate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Nathaniel Tomczak , Sanmukh Kuppannagari

Training and serving long-context large language models (LLMs) incurs substantial overhead. To address this, two critical steps are often required: a pretrained LLM typically undergoes a separate stage for context length extension by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Suyu Ge , Xihui Lin , Yunan Zhang , Jiawei Han , Hao Peng

Diffusion Large Language Models (dLLMs) deliver strong long-context processing capability in a non-autoregressive decoding paradigm. However, the considerable computational cost of bidirectional full attention limits the inference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Lingkun Long , Yushi Huang , Shihao Bai , Ruihao Gong , Jun Zhang , Ao Zhou , Jianlei Yang

Large language models spend most of their inference cost on attention over long contexts, yet empirical behavior suggests that only a small subset of tokens meaningfully contributes to each query. We formalize this phenomenon by modeling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Vashista Nobaub

The proliferation of long-context large language models (LLMs) exposes a key bottleneck: the rapidly expanding key-value cache during decoding, which imposes heavy memory and latency costs. While recent approaches attempt to alleviate this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Gang Lin , Dongfang Li , Zhuoen Chen , Yukun Shi , Xuhui Chen , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

Effectively processing long contexts is a critical challenge for language models. While standard Transformers are limited by quadratic complexity and poor length extrapolation, alternative architectures like sliding window attention and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jiaqi Leng , Xiang Hu , Junxiong Wang , Jianguo Li , Wei Wu , Yucheng Lu

Many advanced Large Language Model (LLM) applications require long-context processing, but the self-attention module becomes a bottleneck during the prefilling stage of inference due to its quadratic time complexity with respect to sequence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Xiaodong Ji , Hailin Zhang , Fangcheng Fu , Bin Cui

Long-context LLM serving is bottlenecked by the cost of attending over ever-growing KV caches. Dynamic sparse attention promises relief by accessing only a small, query-dependent subset of the KV state per decoding step and extending the KV…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Zihan Zhao , Baotong Lu , Shengjie Lin , Yizou Chen , Jing Liu , Yanqi Zhang , Ziming Miao , Ming-Chang Yang , Haiying Shen , Qi Chen , Fan Yang

There is growing demand for performing inference with hundreds of thousands of input tokens on trained transformer models. Inference at this extreme scale demands significant computational resources, hindering the application of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Ryan Synk , Monte Hoover , John Kirchenbauer , Neel Jain , Alex Stein , Manli Shu , Josue Melendez Sanchez , Ramani Duraiswami , Tom Goldstein

The per-token cost of transformer inference scales with context length, preventing its application to lifelong in-context learning. Linear attention is an efficient alternative that maintains a constant memory footprint, even on infinite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Luke McDermott , Robert W. Heath , Rahul Parhi

Long-term memory is a cornerstone of human intelligence. Enabling AI to process lifetime-scale information remains a long-standing pursuit in the field. Due to the constraints of full-attention architectures, the effective context length of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yu Chen , Runkai Chen , Sheng Yi , Xinda Zhao , Xiaohong Li , Jianjin Zhang , Jun Sun , Chuanrui Hu , Yunyun Han , Lidong Bing , Yafeng Deng , Tianqiao Chen

We present LongLoRA, an efficient fine-tuning approach that extends the context sizes of pre-trained large language models (LLMs), with limited computation cost. Typically, training LLMs with long context sizes is computationally expensive,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Yukang Chen , Shengju Qian , Haotian Tang , Xin Lai , Zhijian Liu , Song Han , Jiaya Jia

Recent advances in efficient Transformers have exploited either the sparsity or low-rank properties of attention matrices to reduce the computational and memory bottlenecks of modeling long sequences. However, it is still challenging to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Beidi Chen , Tri Dao , Eric Winsor , Zhao Song , Atri Rudra , Christopher Ré

The adoption of long context windows has become a standard feature in Large Language Models (LLMs), as extended contexts significantly enhance their capacity for complex reasoning and broaden their applicability across diverse scenarios.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Wenxuan Li , Chengruidong Zhang , Huiqiang Jiang , Yucheng Li , Yuqing Yang , Lili Qiu

Large Language Models (LLMs) with extended context lengths face significant computational challenges during the pre-filling phase, primarily due to the quadratic complexity of self-attention. Existing methods typically employ dynamic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yu Zhang , Dong Guo , Fang Wu , Guoliang Zhu , Dian Ding , Yiming Zhang

This paper introduces an efficient and robust method for discovering interpretable circuits in large language models using discrete sparse autoencoders. Our approach addresses key limitations of existing techniques, namely computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Charles O'Neill , Thang Bui