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KV cache quantization can improve Large Language Models (LLMs) inference throughput and latency in long contexts and large batch-size scenarios while preserving LLMs effectiveness. However, current methods have three unsolved issues:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Xing Li , Zeyu Xing , Yiming Li , Linping Qu , Hui-Ling Zhen , Wulong Liu , Yiwu Yao , Sinno Jialin Pan , Mingxuan Yuan

With the development of large language models (LLMs), efficient inference through Key-Value (KV) cache compression has attracted considerable attention, especially for long-context generation. To compress the KV cache, recent methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Qingyue Yang , Jie Wang , Xing Li , Zhihai Wang , Chen Chen , Lei Chen , Xianzhi Yu , Wulong Liu , Jianye Hao , Mingxuan Yuan , Bin Li

Block attention, which processes the input as separate blocks that cannot attend to one another, offers significant potential to improve KV cache reuse in long-context scenarios such as Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). However, its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Shuaiyi Li , Zhisong Zhang , Yan Wang , Lei Zhu , Dongyang Ma , Chenlong Deng , Yang Deng , Wai Lam

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) is often hindered by the extensive memory requirements of the Key-Value (KV) cache, especially as context lengths increase. Existing approaches to reduce the KV cache size involve either…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Alessio Devoto , Yu Zhao , Simone Scardapane , Pasquale Minervini

The Transformer architecture, underpinned by the Multi-Head Attention (MHA) mechanism, has become the de facto standard for state-of-the-art models in artificial intelligence. However, the quadratic computational complexity of MHA with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Adam Filipek

Efficient attention algorithms are critical to mitigate the quadratic cost of attention in long-context workloads. Prior work utilises block-scaled quantisation techniques on Blackwell GPUs to move attention computation to 4-bit precision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Joe Sharratt

Efficient long-sequence generation is a critical challenge for Large Language Models. While recent sparse decoding methods improve efficiency, they suffer from KV cache misalignment, where approximation errors accumulate and degrade…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Yutao Sun , Tianzhu Ye , Li Dong , Yuqing Xia , Jian Chen , Yizhao Gao , Shijie Cao , Jianyong Wang , Furu Wei

Long-context models are essential for many applications but face inefficiencies in loading large KV caches during decoding. Prior methods enforce fixed token budgets for sparse attention, assuming a set number of tokens can approximate full…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Kan Zhu , Tian Tang , Qinyu Xu , Yile Gu , Zhichen Zeng , Rohan Kadekodi , Liangyu Zhao , Ang Li , Arvind Krishnamurthy , Baris Kasikci

Dot-product attention has wide applications in computer vision and natural language processing. However, its memory and computational costs grow quadratically with the input size. Such growth prohibits its application on high-resolution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Zhuoran Shen , Mingyuan Zhang , Haiyu Zhao , Shuai Yi , Hongsheng Li

Transformer-based large models excel in natural language processing and computer vision, but face severe computational inefficiencies due to the self-attention's quadratic complexity with input tokens. Recently, researchers have proposed a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Haojie Ouyang , Jianwei Lv , Lei Ren , Chen Wei , Xiaojie Wang , Fangxiang Feng

The pursuit of reducing the memory footprint of the self-attention mechanism in multi-headed self attention (MHA) spawned a rich portfolio of methods, e.g., group-query attention (GQA) and multi-head latent attention (MLA). The methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Timon Klein , Jonas Kusch , Sebastian Sager , Stefan Schnake , Steffen Schotthöfer

The quadratic complexity of the attention mechanism remains a fundamental barrier to scaling Large Language Models (LLMs) to longer contexts, creating a critical bottleneck in both computation and memory. To address this, we introduce AQUA…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Santhosh G S , Saurav Prakash , Balaraman Ravindran

We demonstrate that unstructured sparsity significantly improves KV cache compression for LLMs, enabling sparsity levels up to 70% without compromising accuracy or requiring fine-tuning. We conduct a systematic exploration of pruning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Donghyeon Joo , Helya Hosseini , Ramyad Hadidi , Bahar Asgari

Visual token reduction lowers inference costs caused by extensive image features in large vision-language models (LVLMs). Unlike relevant studies that prune tokens in self-attention-only LVLMs, our work uniquely addresses…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Jewon Lee , Ki-Ung Song , Seungmin Yang , Donguk Lim , Jaeyeon Kim , Wooksu Shin , Bo-Kyeong Kim , Yong Jae Lee , Tae-Ho Kim

Generating long-form content, such as minute-long videos and extended texts, is increasingly important for modern generative models. Block diffusion improves inference efficiency via KV caching and block-wise causal inference and has been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Zhuokun Chen , Jianfei Cai , Bohan Zhuang

The quadratic complexity of self-attention during the prefill phase impedes long-context inference in large language models. Existing sparse attention methods face a trade-off among context adaptivity, sampling overhead, and fine-tuning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Chen Guanzhong

Long-context video understanding and generation pose a significant computational challenge for Transformer-based video models due to the quadratic complexity of self-attention. While existing sparse attention methods employ coarse-grained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Anmin Liu , Ruixuan Yang , Huiqiang Jiang , Bin Lin , Minmin Sun , Yong Li , Chen Zhang , Tao Xie

Although quantization for linear layers has been widely used, its application to accelerate the attention process remains limited. To further enhance the efficiency of attention computation compared to SageAttention while maintaining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Jintao Zhang , Haofeng Huang , Pengle Zhang , Jia Wei , Jun Zhu , Jianfei Chen

Scaling language models to long contexts is often bottlenecked by the size of the key-value (KV) cache. In deployed settings, long contexts are typically managed through compaction in token space via summarization. However, summarization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Adam Zweiger , Xinghong Fu , Han Guo , Yoon Kim

Transformer-based language models have found many diverse applications requiring them to process sequences of increasing length. For these applications, the causal self-attention -- which is the only component scaling quadratically w.r.t.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Matteo Pagliardini , Daniele Paliotta , Martin Jaggi , François Fleuret