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With current and upcoming experiments on the horizon, the global 21-cm signal can open up new avenues for probing dark matter (DM) physics at redshifts that are otherwise inaccessible to other observables. This work investigates the effects…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-12 Aryan Rahimieh , Priyank Parashari , Rui An , Trey Driskell , Jordan Mirocha , Vera Gluscevic

The cosmic 21 cm signal is set to revolutionise our understanding of the early Universe, allowing us to probe the 3D temperature and ionisation structure of the intergalactic medium (IGM). It will open a window onto the unseen first…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2018-08-22 Bradley Greig , Andrei Mesinger

Observations of the hydrogen hyperfine transition through the 21 cm line near the end of the cosmic dark ages provide unique opportunities to probe new physics. In this work, we investigate the potential of the sky-averaged 21 cm signal to…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-02-12 Federico Cima , Francesco D'Eramo

Precision measurements of the beam pattern response are needed to predict the response of a radio telescope. Mapping the beam of a low frequency radio array presents a unique challenge and science cases such as the observation of the 21\,cm…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-07-08 Yifan Zhao , Daniel C. Jacobs , Titu Samson , Mrudula Gopal Krishna , Michael Horn , Marc-Olivier R. Lalonde , Raven Braithwaite , Logan Skabelund

Long wavelength spectral distortions in the Cosmic Microwave Background arising from the 21-cm transition in neutral Hydrogen are a key probe of Cosmic Dawn and the Epoch of Reionization. These features may reveal the nature of the first…

The resonance scattering of Ly$\alpha$ photons with neutral hydrogen atoms in the intergalactic medium not only couples the spin temperature to the kinetic temperature but also leads to a heating of the gas. We investigate the impact of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2020-01-08 Raghunath Ghara , Garrelt Mellema

The 21\,cm transition of neutral hydrogen is opening an observational window into the cosmic dawn of the universe---the epoch of first star formation. We use 28\,hr of data from the Owens Valley Radio Observatory Long Wavelength Array…

We introduce a Python package called ECHO21 for modelling the global 21-cm signal from the dark ages through cosmic dawn to the end of reionization. Leveraging its analytical framework, ECHO21 generates a single model in…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-09 Shikhar Mittal , Girish Kulkarni , Peter Sims

The experiment to detect the global epoch of reionization signature (EDGES) collaboration reported the detection of a line at 78MHz in the sky-averaged spectrum due to neutral hydrogen (HI) 21-cm hyperfine absorption of cosmic microwave…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2020-04-07 Matteo Leo , Tom Theuns , Carlton M. Baugh , Baojiu Li , Silvia Pascoli

We report the deepest upper limits to date on the power spectrum of the 21-cm signal during the Cosmic Dawn (redshifts: $z>15$), using four nights of observations with NenuFAR. The limits are derived from two redshift bins, centred at…

The dark age of the universe, when no luminous object had existed, ended with the birth of the first stars, galaxies, and blackholes. This epoch is called cosmic dawn. Cosmic reionization is the major transition of the intergalactic medium…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-03-21 Hayato Shimabukuro , Kenji Hasegawa , Akira Kuchinomachi , Hidenobu Yajima , Shintaro Yoshiura

The EDGES low-band experiment has measured an absorption feature in the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), corresponding to the 21 cm hyperfine transition of hydrogen at redshift $z \simeq 17$, before the era of cosmic…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2019-11-04 Axel Widmark

Measurements of the 21cm line emission by residual cosmic hydrogen after reionization can be used to trace the power spectrum of density perturbations through a significant fraction of the observable volume of the Universe. We show that a…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-06-23 Abraham Loeb , Stuart Wyithe

Concerted effort is currently ongoing to open up the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) ($z\sim$15-6) for studies with IR and radio telescopes. Whereas IR detections have been made of sources (Lyman-$\alpha$ emitters, quasars and drop-outs) in…

The redshift drift is a small, dynamic change in the redshift of objects following the Hubble flow. Its measurement provides a direct, real-time, model-independent mapping of the expansion rate of the Universe. It is fundamentally different…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-02-10 S. Cristiani , K. Boutsia , G. Calderone , G. Cupani , V. D'Odorico , F. Fontanot , A. Grazian , F. Guarneri , C. Martins , L. Pasquini , M. Porru , E. Vanzella

New observations over the next few years of the emission of distant objects will help unfold the chapter in cosmic history around the era of the first galaxies. These observations will use the neutral hydrogen emission or absorption at a…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Smadar Naoz , Rennan Barkana

The extraction of the sky-averaged 21 cm signal from Cosmic Dawn and the Epoch of Reionization faces significant challenges. The bright and anisotropic Galactic foreground, which is 4 - 5 orders of magnitude brighter than the 21 cm signal,…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-10 Haoran Li , Furen Deng , Meng Zhou , Yidong Xu , Xuelei Chen

Spectral measurements of the 21 cm monopole background have the promise of revealing the bulk energetic properties and ionization state of our universe from z ~ 6-30. Synchrotron foregrounds are orders of magnitude larger than the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2014-10-08 Eric R. Switzer , Adrian Liu

The potential use of the redshifted 21 cm line from neutral hydrogen for probing the epoch of reionization is motivating the construction of several low-frequency interferometers. There is also much interest in the possibility of…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-12-18 Jonathan R. Pritchard , Abraham Loeb

The precise form of the foregrounds for sky-averaged measurements of the 21-cm line during and before the epoch of reionization is unknown. We suggest that the level of complexity in the foreground models used to fit global 21-cm data…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-02-26 Geraint Harker