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Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning has been widely adopted to enhance Large Language Models (LLMs) by decomposing complex tasks into simpler, sequential subtasks. However, extending CoT to vision-language reasoning tasks remains challenging,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Luozheng Qin , Jia Gong , Yuqing Sun , Tianjiao Li , Mengping Yang , Xiaomeng Yang , Chao Qu , Zhiyu Tan , Hao Li

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has become a central mechanism for eliciting multi-step reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs). Yet recent evidence presents a tension: hidden states appear to already encode future reasoning before CoT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Liyan Xu , Mo Yu , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou

Transformer-based models such as BERT and E5 have significantly advanced text embedding by capturing rich contextual representations. However, many complex real-world queries require sophisticated reasoning to retrieve relevant documents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yuxiang Liu , Tian Wang , Gourab Kundu , Tianyu Cao , Guang Cheng , Zhen Ge , Jianshu Chen , Qingjun Cui , Trishul Chilimbi

Large language models (LLMs) excel at complex tasks thanks to advances in their reasoning abilities. However, existing methods overlook the trade-off between reasoning effectiveness and efficiency, often encouraging unnecessarily long…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Jingyao Wang , Wenwen Qiang , Zeen Song , Changwen Zheng , Hui Xiong

While long, explicit chains-of-thought (CoT) have proven effective on complex reasoning tasks, they are costly to generate during inference. Non-verbal reasoning methods have emerged with shorter generation lengths by leveraging continuous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Keshav Ramji , Tahira Naseem , Ramón Fernandez Astudillo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance on complex tasks through Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning. However, conventional CoT relies on explicitly verbalized intermediate steps, which constrains its broader…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Xinghao Chen , Anhao Zhao , Heming Xia , Xuan Lu , Hanlin Wang , Yanjun Chen , Wei Zhang , Jian Wang , Wenjie Li , Xiaoyu Shen

Many reasoning techniques for large multimodal models adapt language model approaches, such as Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting, which express reasoning as word sequences. While effective for text, these methods are suboptimal for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Tan-Hanh Pham , Chris Ngo

Recently, inference-time scaling of chain-of-thought (CoT) has been demonstrated as a promising approach for addressing multi-modal reasoning tasks. While existing studies have predominantly centered on text-based thinking, the integration…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yujie Lin , Ante Wang , Moye Chen , Jingyao Liu , Hao Liu , Jinsong Su , Xinyan Xiao

Long chain-of-thought~(CoT) has become a dominant paradigm for enhancing the reasoning capability of large reasoning models~(LRMs); however, the performance gains often come with a substantial increase in reasoning budget. Recent studies…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jie Cao , Tianwei Lin , Zhenxuan Fan , Bo Yuan , Ziyuan Zhao , Rolan Yan , Wenqiao Zhang , Siliang Tang

In Transformer architectures, tokens\textemdash discrete units derived from raw data\textemdash are formed by segmenting inputs into fixed-length chunks. Each token is then mapped to an embedding, enabling parallel attention computations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Zhenglun Kong , Yize Li , Fanhu Zeng , Lei Xin , Shvat Messica , Xue Lin , Pu Zhao , Manolis Kellis , Hao Tang , Marinka Zitnik

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance on complex reasoning by leveraging chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting to generate intermediate reasoning chains as the rationale to infer the answer. However, existing CoT studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Zhuosheng Zhang , Aston Zhang , Mu Li , Hai Zhao , George Karypis , Alex Smola

The central challenge of reasoning-intensive retrieval lies in identifying implicitreasoning relationships between queries and documents, rather than superficial se-mantic or lexical similarity. The contrastive learning paradigm is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Guangzhi Wang , Yinghao Jiao , Zhi Liu

The verbosity of Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning hinders its mass deployment in efficiency-critical applications. Recently, implicit CoT approaches have emerged, which encode reasoning steps within LLM's hidden embeddings (termed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Yinhan He , Wendy Zheng , Yaochen Zhu , Zaiyi Zheng , Lin Su , Sriram Vasudevan , Qi Guo , Liangjie Hong , Jundong Li

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) significantly improve the reasoning ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) by learning to reason, exhibiting promising performance in solving complex tasks. However, their deliberative reasoning process leads…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Yue Liu , Jiaying Wu , Yufei He , Ruihan Gong , Jun Xia , Liang Li , Hongcheng Gao , Hongyu Chen , Baolong Bi , Jiaheng Zhang , Zhiqi Huang , Bryan Hooi , Stan Z. Li , Keqin Li

Chain-of-thought (CoT) rationale enables language models to use additional task-related text for problem-solving, benefiting not only from detailed reasoning steps but also from the expanded computational space of longer inputs. Prior work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yoonna Jang , Kisu Yang , Isabelle Augenstein

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning successfully enhances the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet it incurs substantial computational overhead for inference. Existing CoT compression methods often suffer from a critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yuntian Tang , Bohan Jia , Wenxuan Huang , Lianyue Zhang , Jiao Xie , Wenxi Li , Wei Li , Jie Hu , Xinghao Chen Rongrong Ji , Shaohui Lin

Recent progress in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) demonstrates that Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning enables systematic solutions to complex understanding tasks. However, its extension to generation tasks remains nascent and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Siyu Jiao , Yiheng Lin , Yujie Zhong , Qi She , Wei Zhou , Xiaohan Lan , Zilong Huang , Fei Yu , Yingchen Yu , Yunqing Zhao , Yao Zhao , Yunchao Wei

Large Language Models (LLMs) consistently benefit from scaled Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning, but also suffer from heavy computational overhead. To address this issue, efficient reasoning aims to incentivize short yet accurate thinking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Taiqiang Wu , Zenan Xu , Bo Zhou , Ngai Wong

The reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have improved substantially through increased test-time computation, typically in the form of intermediate tokens known as chain-of-thought (CoT). However, CoT often becomes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Nathanaël Carraz Rakotonirina , Ren Pang , Neha Anna John , Michael Bohlke-Schneider , Momchil Hardalov

Recent advancements in large reasoning models (LRMs) have demonstrated the effectiveness of scaling test-time computation to enhance reasoning capabilities on various tasks. However, LRMs often suffer from an ``overthinking'' problem, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yule Liu , Jingyi Zheng , Zhen Sun , Zifan Peng , Wenhan Dong , Zeyang Sha , Shiwen Cui , Weiqiang Wang , Xinlei He