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Adapting pre-trained foundation models for diverse downstream tasks is a core practice in artificial intelligence. However, the wide range of tasks and high computational costs make full fine-tuning impractical. To overcome this,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Chongjie Si , Zhiyi Shi , Xuehui Wang , Yichen Xiao , Xiaokang Yang , Wei Shen

Low Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has emerged as one of the most widely adopted methods for Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) of Large Language Models (LLMs). LoRA reduces the number of trainable parameters and memory usage while achieving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Justin Zhao , Timothy Wang , Wael Abid , Geoffrey Angus , Arnav Garg , Jeffery Kinnison , Alex Sherstinsky , Piero Molino , Travis Addair , Devvret Rishi

Although the advancements of pre-trained Large Language Models have significantly accelerated recent progress in NLP, their ever-increasing size poses significant challenges for conventional fine-tuning, especially in memory-intensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Chenxi Whitehouse , Fantine Huot , Jasmijn Bastings , Mostafa Dehghani , Chu-Cheng Lin , Mirella Lapata

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) with high parameter efficiency for downstream tasks has become a new paradigm. Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) significantly reduces the number of trainable parameters for fine-tuning. Although it has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Jia-Chen Zhang , Yu-Jie Xiong , He-Xi Qiu , Dong-Hai Zhu , Chun-Ming Xia

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods, such as LoRA, offer compact and effective alternatives to full model fine-tuning by introducing low-rank updates to pre-trained weights. However, most existing approaches rely on global low…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Babak Barazandeh , Subhabrata Majumdar , Om Rajyaguru , George Michailidis

Parameter-efficient finetuning (PEFT) aims to mitigate the substantial computational and memory overhead involved in adapting large-scale pretrained models to diverse downstream tasks. Among numerous PEFT strategies, Low-Rank Adaptation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Xiaoshuang Ji , Zhendong Zhao , Xiaoyan Gu , Xiaojun Chen , Xin Zhao , Zeyao Liu

Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) is a parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) method widely used in large language models (LLMs). LoRA essentially describes the projection of an input space into a low-dimensional output space, with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Shiwei Li , Xiandi Luo , Haozhao Wang , Xing Tang , Ziqiang Cui , Dugang Liu , Yuhua Li , Xiuqiang He , Ruixuan Li

In fine-tuning large language models (LLMs), conserving computational resources while maintaining effectiveness and improving outcomes within the same computational constraints is crucial. The Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) strategy balances…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Xiaojun Xiao , Sen Shen , Qiming Bao , Hongfei Rong , Kairui Liu , Zhongsheng Wang , Jiamou Liu

With the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs), Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods have gained significant attention, which aims to achieve efficient fine-tuning of LLMs with fewer parameters. As a representative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Dacao Zhang , Kun Zhang , Shimao Chu , Le Wu , Xin Li , Si Wei

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for adapting large-scale pre-trained models to downstream tasks with minimal additional parameters. Among PEFT methods, Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) stands out for its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Nghiem T. Diep , Dung Le , Tuan Truong , Tan Dinh , Huy Nguyen , Nhat Ho

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed both everyday life and scientific research. However, adapting LLMs from general-purpose models to specialized tasks remains challenging, particularly in resource-constrained environments.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Hao Zhang , Bo Huang , Zhenjia Li , Xi Xiao , Hui Yi Leong , Zumeng Zhang , Xinwei Long , Tianyang Wang , Hao Xu

Smaller LLMs still face significant challenges even in medium-resourced languages, particularly when it comes to language-specific knowledge -- a problem not easily resolved with machine-translated data. In this case study on Icelandic, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Jenny Kunz

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is currently the most commonly used Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) method, it introduces auxiliary parameters for each layer to fine-tune the pre-trained model under limited computing resources. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Hongyun Zhou , Xiangyu Lu , Wang Xu , Conghui Zhu , Tiejun Zhao , Muyun Yang

Supervised fine-tuning is the most common method to adapt large language models (LLMs) to downstream tasks, but full fine-tuning LLMs requires massive computational resources. Recently, parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Xiangdi Meng , Damai Dai , Weiyao Luo , Zhe Yang , Shaoxiang Wu , Xiaochen Wang , Peiyi Wang , Qingxiu Dong , Liang Chen , Zhifang Sui

The fine-tuning of Large Language Models (LLMs) is pivotal for achieving optimal performance across diverse downstream tasks. However, while full fine-tuning delivers superior results, it entails significant computational and resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Yao Liang , Yuwei Wang , Yi Zeng

With the increasing size of pre-trained language models (PLMs), fine-tuning all the parameters in the model is not efficient, especially when there are a large number of downstream tasks, which incur significant training and storage costs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Feiyu Zhang , Liangzhi Li , Junhao Chen , Zhouqiang Jiang , Bowen Wang , Yiming Qian

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is a popular method for parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) of generative models, valued for its simplicity and effectiveness. Despite recent enhancements, LoRA still suffers from a fundamental limitation:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Yeonjoon Jung , Daehyun Ahn , Hyungjun Kim , Taesu Kim , Eunhyeok Park

It is a common practice in natural language processing to pre-train a single model on a general domain and then fine-tune it for downstream tasks. However, when it comes to Large Language Models, fine-tuning the entire model can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Cristian Meo , Ksenia Sycheva , Anirudh Goyal , Justin Dauwels

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) has become the standard for adapting large language models (LLMs). In this work we challenge the wide-spread assumption that parameter efficiency equates memory efficiency and on-device adaptability.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Irene Tenison , Stella Ahn , Miriam Kim , Ebtisam Alshehri , Lalana Kagal

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT), particularly Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), has become a standard approach for adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) under limited compute. However, in continual settings where models are updated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Hung Le , Svetha Venkatesh