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We present a full implementation and simulation of a novel quantum reinforcement learning method. Our work is a detailed and formal proof of concept for how quantum algorithms can be used to solve reinforcement learning problems and shows…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-10 Simon Wiedemann , Daniel Hein , Steffen Udluft , Christian Mendl

Reinforcement learning studies how an agent should interact with an environment to maximize its cumulative reward. A standard way to study this question abstractly is to ask how many samples an agent needs from the environment to learn an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-21 Daochen Wang , Aarthi Sundaram , Robin Kothari , Ashish Kapoor , Martin Roetteler

Among on-policy reinforcement learning algorithms, Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) demonstrates is widely favored for its simplicity, numerical stability, and strong empirical performance. Standard PPO relies on surrogate objectives…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Shunpeng Yang , Ben Liu , Hua Chen

There is growing interest in utilizing flow-based models as decision-making policies in reinforcement learning due to their high expressive capacity. However, effectively leveraging this expressivity for value maximization remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 JaeHyeok Doo , Byeongguk Jeon , Seonghyeon Ye , Kimin Lee , Minjoon Seo

In reinforcement learning, an agent interacts sequentially with an environment to maximize a reward, receiving only partial, probabilistic feedback. This creates a fundamental exploration-exploitation trade-off: the agent must explore to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Josep Lumbreras , Ruo Cheng Huang , Yanglin Hu , Marco Fanizza , Mile Gu

We present an algorithm for learning an approximate action-value soft Q-function in the relative entropy regularised reinforcement learning setting, for which an optimal improved policy can be recovered in closed form. We use recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-06 Jonas Degrave , Abbas Abdolmaleki , Jost Tobias Springenberg , Nicolas Heess , Martin Riedmiller

Classical reinforcement learning (RL) aims to optimize the expected cumulative reward. In this work, we consider the RL setting where the goal is to optimize the quantile of the cumulative reward. We parameterize the policy controlling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-15 Jinyang Jiang , Jiaqiao Hu , Yijie Peng

Classical reinforcement learning (RL) aims to optimize the expected cumulative rewards. In this work, we consider the RL setting where the goal is to optimize the quantile of the cumulative rewards. We parameterize the policy controlling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Jinyang Jiang , Jiaqiao Hu , Yijie Peng

We propose Q-Policy, a hybrid quantum-classical reinforcement learning (RL) framework that mathematically accelerates policy evaluation and optimization by exploiting quantum computing primitives. Q-Policy encodes value functions in quantum…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Kalyan Cherukuri , Aarav Lala , Yash Yardi

Quantum amplitude amplification and estimation have shown quadratic speedups to unstructured search and estimation tasks. We show that a coherent combination of these quantum algorithms also provides a quadratic speedup to calculating the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-03 Caleb Rotello

We propose a hybrid quantum-classical reinforcement learning framework for sector rotation in the Taiwan stock market. Our system employs Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) as the backbone algorithm and integrates both classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-21 Chi-Sheng Chen , Xinyu Zhang , Ya-Chuan Chen

In the last decade quantum machine learning has provided fascinating and fundamental improvements to supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning. In reinforcement learning, a so-called agent is challenged to solve a task given by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-13 Arne Hamann , Sabine Wölk

We propose Flow-Anchored Noise-conditioned Q-Learning (FAN), a highly efficient and high-performing offline reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm. Recent work has shown that expressive flow policies and distributional critics improve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Sungyoung Lee , Dohyeong Kim , Eshan Balachandar , Zelal Su Mustafaoglu , Keshav Pingali

In reinforcement learning algorithms, the hyperparameters tuning method refers to choosing the optimal parameters that may increase the overall performance. Manual or random hyperparameter tuning methods can lead to different results in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Mahmood A. Jumaah , Yossra H. Ali , Tarik A. Rashid

We present \textbf{FlowRL}, a novel framework for online reinforcement learning that integrates flow-based policy representation with Wasserstein-2-regularized optimization. We argue that in addition to training signals, enhancing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Lei Lv , Yunfei Li , Yu Luo , Fuchun Sun , Tao Kong , Jiafeng Xu , Xiao Ma

Performative reinforcement learning is an emerging dynamical decision making framework, which extends reinforcement learning to the common applications where the agent's policy can change the environmental dynamics. Existing works on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ziyi Chen , Heng Huang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has transformed sequential decision making, yet traditional algorithms like Deep Q-Networks (DQNs) and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) often struggle with efficient exploration, stability, and adaptability in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Umberto Gonçalves de Sousa

Quantum computing exploits basic quantum phenomena such as state superposition and entanglement to perform computations. The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is arguably one of the leading quantum algorithms that can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Sami Khairy , Ruslan Shaydulin , Lukasz Cincio , Yuri Alexeev , Prasanna Balaprakash

This paper introduces the first quantum computing framework for Stochastic Quantum Power Flow (SQPF) analysis in power systems. The proposed method leverages quantum states to encode power flow distributions, enabling the use of Quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-13 Brynjar Sævarsson , Hjörtur Jóhannsson , Spyros Chatzivasileiadis

Reinforcement learning for the optimization of quantum circuits uses an agent whose goal is to maximize the value of a reward function that decides what is correct and what is wrong during the exploration of the search space. It is an open…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-22 Ioana Moflic , Alexandru Paler
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