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Multiple instance learning (MIL) has emerged as a powerful framework for weakly supervised whole slide image (WSI) classification, enabling slide-level predictions without requiring detailed patch-level annotations. Despite its success, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Bryan Wong , Mun Yong Yi

Hispathological image segmentation algorithms play a critical role in computer aided diagnosis technology. The development of weakly supervised segmentation algorithm alleviates the problem of medical image annotation that it is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-19 Ziniu Qian , Kailu Li , Maode Lai , Eric I-Chao Chang , Bingzheng Wei , Yubo Fan , Yan Xu

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a robust paradigm for whole-slide pathological image (WSI) analysis, processing gigapixel-resolution images with slide-level labels. As pioneering efforts, attention-based MIL (ABMIL) and its variants are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Linghan Cai , Shenjin Huang , Ye Zhang , Jinpeng Lu , Yongbing Zhang

Pre-trained encoders for offline feature extraction followed by multiple instance learning (MIL) aggregators have become the dominant paradigm in computational pathology (CPath), benefiting cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Wenhao Tang , Rong Qin , Heng Fang , Fengtao Zhou , Hao Chen , Xiang Li , Ming-Ming Cheng

Three-dimensional (3D) histopathology of unprocessed tissues has the potential to transform disease management by enabling volumetric characterization of tissue microarchitecture and in-vivo assessment. Back-illumination Interference…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Anthony Song , Boyan Zhou , Mayank Golhar , Marisa Morakis , Alex Baras , Nicholas Durr

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a supervised learning methodology that aims to allow models to learn instance class labels from bag class labels, where a bag is defined to contain multiple instances. MIL is gaining traction for learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Samuel W. Remedios , Zihao Wu , Camilo Bermudez , Cailey I. Kerley , Snehashis Roy , Mayur B. Patel , John A. Butman , Bennett A. Landman , Dzung L. Pham

Universal, transferable whole-slide image (WSI) representations are central to computational pathology. Incorporating multiple markers (e.g., immunohistochemistry, IHC) alongside H&E enriches H&E-based features with diverse, biologically…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Yizhi Zhang , Lei Fan , Zhulin Tao , Donglin Di , Yang Song , Sidong Liu , Cong Cong

Whole slide images (WSIs) are the gold standard for pathological diagnosis and sub-typing. Current main-stream two-step frameworks employ offline feature encoders trained without domain-specific knowledge. Among them, attention-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Mingrui Ma , Chentao Li , Pan Huang , Jing Qin

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has been widely applied in pathology towards solving critical problems such as automating cancer diagnosis and grading, predicting patient prognosis, and therapy response. Deploying these models in a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Syed Ashar Javed , Dinkar Juyal , Harshith Padigela , Amaro Taylor-Weiner , Limin Yu , Aaditya Prakash

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has become the predominant approach for classification tasks on gigapixel histopathology whole slide images (WSIs). Within the MIL framework, single WSIs (bags) are decomposed into patches (instances), with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Daniel Sens , Ario Sadafi , Francesco Paolo Casale , Nassir Navab , Carsten Marr

Multi-Instance Learning(MIL) aims to learn the mapping between a bag of instances and the bag-level label. Therefore, the relationships among instances are very important for learning the mapping. In this paper, we propose an MIL algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Yangling Ma , Zhouwang Yang

Analyzing high resolution whole slide images (WSIs) with regard to information across multiple scales poses a significant challenge in digital pathology. Multi-instance learning (MIL) is a common solution for working with high resolution…

In histopathology, tissue sections are typically stained using common H&E staining or special stains (MAS, PAS, PASM, etc.) to clearly visualize specific tissue structures. The rapid advancement of deep learning offers an effective solution…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-23 Zizhi Chen , Xinyu Zhang , Minghao Han , Yizhou Liu , Ziyun Qian , Weifeng Zhang , Xukun Zhang , Jingwei Wei , Lihua Zhang

Medical imaging segmentation is a highly active area of research, with deep learning-based methods achieving state-of-the-art results in several benchmarks. However, the lack of standardized tools for training, testing, and evaluating new…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-19 Adrian Celaya , Evan Lim , Rachel Glenn , Brayden Mi , Alex Balsells , Dawid Schellingerhout , Tucker Netherton , Caroline Chung , Beatrice Riviere , David Fuentes

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has been increasingly used in the classification of histopathology whole slide images (WSIs). However, MIL approaches for this specific classification problem still face unique challenges, particularly those…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Hongrun Zhang , Yanda Meng , Yitian Zhao , Yihong Qiao , Xiaoyun Yang , Sarah E. Coupland , Yalin Zheng

Progress in digital pathology is hindered by high-resolution images and the prohibitive cost of exhaustive localized annotations. The commonly used paradigm to categorize pathology images is patch-based processing, which often incorporates…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Thomas Stegmüller , Behzad Bozorgtabar , Antoine Spahr , Jean-Philippe Thiran

Digital pathology based on whole slide images (WSIs) plays a key role in cancer diagnosis and clinical practice. Due to the high resolution of the WSI and the unavailability of patch-level annotations, WSI classification is usually…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Litao Yang , Deval Mehta , Sidong Liu , Dwarikanath Mahapatra , Antonio Di Ieva , Zongyuan Ge

Whole slide images (WSIs) enable weakly supervised prognostic modeling via multiple instance learning (MIL). Spatial transcriptomics (ST) preserves in situ gene expression, providing a spatial molecular context that complements morphology.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Lihe Liu , Xiaoxi Pan , Yinyin Yuan , Lulu Shang

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is an effective and widely used approach for weakly supervised machine learning. In histopathology, MIL models have achieved remarkable success in tasks like tumor detection, biomarker prediction, and…

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) plays a significant role in computational pathology, enabling weakly supervised analysis of Whole Slide Image (WSI) datasets. The field of WSI analysis is confronted with a severe long-tailed distribution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Xitong Ling , Yifeng Ping , Jiawen Li , Jing Peng , Yuxuan Chen , Minxi Ouyang , Yizhi Wang , Yonghong He , Tian Guan , Xiaoping Liu , Lianghui Zhu