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Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as a promising critic-free reinforcement learning paradigm for reasoning tasks. However, standard GRPO employs a coarse-grained credit assignment mechanism that propagates group-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ziheng Li , Liu Kang , Feng Xiao , Luxi Xing , Qingyi Si , Zhuoran Li , Weikang Gong , Deqing Yang , Yanghua Xiao , Hongcheng Guo

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have shown that reasoning ability can be significantly enhanced through Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR). Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as the de…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Jingyu Zhou , Lu Ma , Hao Liang , Chengyu Shen , Bin Cui , Wentao Zhang

Flow-GRPO successfully applies reinforcement learning to flow models, but uses uniform credit assignment across all steps. This ignores the temporal structure of diffusion generation: early steps determine composition and content…

Diffusion has emerged as a powerful framework for generative modeling, achieving remarkable success in applications such as image and audio synthesis. Enlightened by this progress, we propose a novel diffusion-based approach for symbolic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Zachary Bastiani , Robert M. Kirby , Jacob Hochhalter , Shandian Zhe

Reinforcement learning (RL) for large language models (LLMs) increasingly relies on sparse, outcome-level rewards -- yet determining which actions within a long trajectory caused the outcome remains difficult. This credit assignment (CA)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Chenchen Zhang

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) offer a promising route to parallel and efficient text generation, but improving their reasoning ability requires effective post-training. Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zichao Yu , Shengze Xu , Bingqing Jiang , Wenyi Zhang , Difan Zou

Recent advancements in Large Reasoning Models (LRMs), exemplified by DeepSeek-R1, have underscored the potential of scaling inference-time compute through Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). However, GRPO frequently suffers from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Yu Zhao , Fan Jiang , Tianle Liu , Bo Zeng , Yu Liu , Longyue Wang , Weihua Luo

Efficiently aligning large-scale video diffusion models with human intent requires a scalable and trajectory-aware pathway that bridges the inherent discrepancy between training noise distributions and practical inference trajectories.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Jingyuan Zhu , Biaolong Chen , Le Zhang , Aixi Zhang , Hao Jiang , Pipei Huang

Reinforcement learning has become a cornerstone technique for developing reasoning models in complex tasks, ranging from mathematical problem-solving to imaginary reasoning. The optimization of these models typically relies on policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Qingnan Ren , Shiting Huang , Zhen Fang , Zehui Chen , Lin Chen , Lijun Li , Feng Zhao

With the success of image generation, generative diffusion models are increasingly adopted for discriminative tasks, as pixel generation provides a unified perception interface. However, directly repurposing the generative denoising process…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Ziqi Pang , Xin Xu , Yu-Xiong Wang

Search agents extend Large Language Models (LLMs) beyond static parametric knowledge by enabling access to up-to-date and long-tail information unavailable during pretraining. While reinforcement learning has been widely adopted for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Junzhe Wang , Zhiheng Xi , Yajie Yang , Hao Luo , Shihan Dou , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) are promising alternatives to autoregressive large language models (AR-LLMs), as they potentially allow higher inference throughput. Reinforcement learning (RL) is a crucial component for dLLMs to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yuchen Zhu , Wei Guo , Jaemoo Choi , Petr Molodyk , Bo Yuan , Molei Tao , Yongxin Chen

Reinforcement learning has significantly enhanced the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in complex problem-solving tasks. Recently, the introduction of DeepSeek R1 has inspired a surge of interest in leveraging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Jinghang Han , Jiawei Chen , Hang Shao , Hao Ma , Mingcheng Li , Xintian Shen , Lihao Zheng , Wei Chen , Tao Wei , Lihua Zhang

Existing core-set selection methods predominantly rely on heuristic scoring signals such as training dynamics or model uncertainty, lacking explicit modeling of data likelihood. This omission may hinder the constructed subset from capturing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Mingyang Chen , Jiawei Du , Bo Huang , Yi Wang , Xiaobo Zhang , Wei Wang

We propose DiFFPO, Diffusion Fast and Furious Policy Optimization, a unified framework for training masked diffusion large language models (dLLMs) to reason not only better (furious), but also faster via reinforcement learning (RL). We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Hanyang Zhao , Dawen Liang , Wenpin Tang , David Yao , Nathan Kallus

Policy gradient methods for language model reasoning, such as GRPO and DAPO, assign uniform credit to all generated tokens - the filler phrase "Let me think" receives the same gradient update as the critical calculation "23 + 45 = 68." We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Mykola Khandoga , Rui Yuan , Vinay Kumar Sankarapu

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has shown promising results in aligning generative outputs with human preferences by distinguishing between chosen and rejected samples. However, a critical limitation of DPO is likelihood displacement,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Ruojun Xu , Yu Kai , Xuhua Ren , Jiaxiang Cheng , Bing Ma , Tianxiang Zheng , Qinhlin Lu

Recent advances in reinforcement learning (RL) have achieved great successes by leveraging the multimodality and exploration capability of diffusion policies. Among these approaches, one representative branch focuses on the sampling-based…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Shutong Ding , Zejia Zhong , Zhongyi Wang , Ke Hu , Bikang Pan , Jingya Wang , Ye Shi

Group relative policy optimization (GRPO) has demonstrated significant potential in improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) via reinforcement learning. However, its practical deployment is impeded by an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Yizhou Zhang , Ning Lv , Teng Wang , Jisheng Dang

The key to building trustworthy large language models (LLMs) lies in endowing them with inherent uncertainty expression capabilities, thereby mitigating overconfident errors in high-stakes applications. However, existing RL paradigms such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Xianzhou Zeng , Jing Huang , Chunmei Xie , Gongrui Nan , Siye Chen , Mengyu Lu , Weiqi Xiong , Qixuan Zhou , Junhao Zhang , Qiang Zhu , Yadong Li , Xingzhong Xu