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Models of various NLP tasks have been shown to exhibit stereotypes, and the bias in the question answering (QA) models is especially harmful as the output answers might be directly consumed by the end users. There have been datasets to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Mingyu Derek Ma , Jiun-Yu Kao , Arpit Gupta , Yu-Hsiang Lin , Wenbo Zhao , Tagyoung Chung , Wei Wang , Kai-Wei Chang , Nanyun Peng

Standardized math assessments require expensive human pilot studies to establish the difficulty of test items. We investigate the predictive value of open-source large language models (LLMs) for evaluating the difficulty of multiple-choice…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Christabel Acquaye , Yi Ting Huang , Marine Carpuat , Rachel Rudinger

The study explores the potential of AI technologies in personalized learning, suggesting the prediction of academic success through leadership personality traits and machine learning modelling. The primary data were obtained from 129…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Nitsa J Herzog , Rejwan Bin Sulaiman , David J Herzog , Rose Fong

Multimodal recommender systems leverage diverse data sources, such as user interactions, content features, and contextual information, to address challenges like cold-start and data sparsity. However, existing methods often suffer from one…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Adamya Shyam , Venkateswara Rao Kagita , Bharti Rana , Vikas Kumar

Multiple-choice question answering (MCQA) is a key competence of performant transformer language models that is tested by mainstream benchmarks. However, recent evidence shows that models can have quite a range of performance, particularly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Sarah Wiegreffe , Oyvind Tafjord , Yonatan Belinkov , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Ashish Sabharwal

Recent years witnessed an increase in the amount of research on the task of Question Difficulty Estimation from Text QDET with Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, with the goal of targeting the limitations of traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Luca Benedetto

A growing number of universities worldwide use various forms of online and blended learning as part of their academic curricula. Furthermore, the recent changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have led to a drastic increase in importance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-05 Galina Deeva , Johannes De Smedt , Cecilia Saint-Pierre , Richard Weber , Jochen De Weerdt

This study aims to determine a predictive model to learn students probability to pass their courses taken at the earliest stage of the semester. To successfully discover a good predictive model with high acceptability, accurate, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Anabella C. Doctor

Item Response Theory (IRT) has been widely used in educational psychometrics to assess student ability, as well as the difficulty and discrimination of test questions. In this context, discrimination specifically refers to how effectively a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Ziqi Xu , Sevvandi Kandanaarachchi , Cheng Soon Ong , Eirini Ntoutsi

Item (question) difficulties play a crucial role in educational assessments, enabling accurate and efficient assessment of student abilities and personalization to maximize learning outcomes. Traditionally, estimating item difficulties can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Alexander Scarlatos , Nigel Fernandez , Christopher Ormerod , Susan Lottridge , Andrew Lan

Accurate estimation of item (question or task) difficulty is critical for educational assessment but suffers from the cold start problem. While Large Language Models demonstrate superhuman problem-solving capabilities, it remains an open…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ming Li , Han Chen , Yunze Xiao , Jian Chen , Hong Jiao , Tianyi Zhou

We consider modeling, inference, and computation for analyzing multivariate binary data. We propose a new model that consists of a low dimensional latent variable component and a sparse graphical component. Our study is motivated by…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-06-30 Yunxiao Chen , Xiaoou Li , Jingchen Liu , Zhiliang Ying

Multiple-Choice Question Answering (MCQA) is a challenging task in machine reading comprehension. The main challenge in MCQA is to extract "evidence" from the given context that supports the correct answer. In the OpenbookQA dataset, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Sicheng Yu , Hao Zhang , Wei Jing , Jing Jiang

Community Question Answering (CQA) is a well-defined task that can be used in many scenarios, such as E-Commerce and online user community for special interests. In these communities, users can post articles, give comment, raise a question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Shen Gao , Yuchi Zhang , Yongliang Wang , Yang Dong , Xiuying Chen , Dongyan Zhao , Rui Yan

Multiple choice questions (MCQs) serve as a common yet important task format in the evaluation of large language models (LLMs). This work shows that modern LLMs are vulnerable to option position changes in MCQs due to their inherent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Chujie Zheng , Hao Zhou , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Minlie Huang

Cognitive load is key to ensuring an optimal learning experience. However, measuring the cognitive load of educational tasks typically relies on self-report measures which has been criticized by researchers for being subjective. In this…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Minghao Cai , Guher Gorgun , Carrie Demmans Epp

Complex question-answering (CQA) involves answering complex natural-language questions on a knowledge base (KB). However, the conventional neural program induction (NPI) approach exhibits uneven performance when the questions have different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Yuncheng Hua , Yuan-Fang Li , Gholamreza Haffari , Guilin Qi , Tongtong Wu

Recently, more and more people study online for the convenience of access to massive learning materials (e.g. test questions/notes), thus accurately understanding learning materials became a crucial issue, which is essential for many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-15 He Zhu , Xihua Li , Xuemin Zhao , Yunbo Cao , Shan Yu

Learning-to-learn or meta-learning leverages data-driven inductive bias to increase the efficiency of learning on a novel task. This approach encounters difficulty when transfer is not advantageous, for instance, when tasks are considerably…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-20 Ghassen Jerfel , Erin Grant , Thomas L. Griffiths , Katherine Heller

Student performance prediction is one of the most important subjects in educational data mining. As a modern technology, machine learning offers powerful capabilities in feature extraction and data modeling, providing essential support for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Yawen Chen , Jiande Sun , Jinhui Wang , Liang Zhao , Xinmin Song , Linbo Zhai