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Binary code similarity detection is a core task in reverse engineering. It supports malware analysis and vulnerability discovery by identifying semantically similar code in different contexts. Modern methods have progressed from manually…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Charles E. Gagnon , Steven H. H. Ding , Philippe Charland , Benjamin C. M. Fung

In competitive programming task, problem statements are often embedded within elaborate narrative backgrounds, requiring deep understanding of the underlying solutions to successfully complete the tasks. Current code generation models…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Shiwen Zhang , Lingxiang Wang , Hainan Zhang , Ziwei Wang , Sijia Wen , Zhiming Zheng

Contrastive learning has been the dominant approach to training dense retrieval models. In this work, we investigate the impact of ranking context - an often overlooked aspect of learning dense retrieval models. In particular, we examine…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-10-24 George Zerveas , Navid Rekabsaz , Daniel Cohen , Carsten Eickhoff

Recent research has achieved impressive results on understanding and improving source code by building up on machine-learning techniques developed for natural languages. A significant advancement in natural-language understanding has come…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Aditya Kanade , Petros Maniatis , Gogul Balakrishnan , Kensen Shi

Large pre-trained vision-language models have shown great prominence in transferring pre-acquired knowledge to various domains and downstream tasks with appropriate prompting or tuning. Existing prevalent tuning methods can be generally…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Huahui Yi , Ziyuan Qin , Wei Xu , Miaotian Guo , Kun Wang , Shaoting Zhang , Kang Li , Qicheng Lao

Pre-trained language models have achieved promising success in code retrieval tasks, where a natural language documentation query is given to find the most relevant existing code snippet. However, existing models focus only on optimizing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Dong Li , Yelong Shen , Ruoming Jin , Yi Mao , Kuan Wang , Weizhu Chen

Recently, deep learning techniques have shown great success in automatic code generation. Inspired by the code reuse, some researchers propose copy-based approaches that can copy the content from similar code snippets to obtain better…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Jia Li , Yongmin Li , Ge Li , Zhi Jin , Yiyang Hao , Xing Hu

Retrieving code functions, classes or files that are relevant in order to solve a given user query, bug report or feature request from large codebases is a fundamental challenge for Large Language Model (LLM)-based coding agents. Agentic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Shravan Chaudhari , Rahul Thomas Jacob , Mononito Goswami , Jiajun Cao , Shihab Rashid , Christian Bock

Current AI-powered code assistance tools often struggle with poorly-defined problem statements that lack sufficient task context and requirements specification. Recent analysis of software engineering agents reveals that failures on such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Manan Suri , Xiangci Li , Mehdi Shojaie , Songyang Han , Chao-Chun Hsu , Shweta Garg , Aniket Anand Deshmukh , Varun Kumar

Modern approaches for fast retrieval of similar vectors on billion-scaled datasets rely on compressed-domain approaches such as binary sketches or product quantization. These methods minimize a certain loss, typically the mean squared error…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Kenza Amara , Matthijs Douze , Alexandre Sablayrolles , Hervé Jégou

As an ubiquitous method in natural language processing, word embeddings are extensively employed to map semantic properties of words into a dense vector representation. They capture semantic and syntactic relations among words but the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Lutfi Kerem Senel , Ihsan Utlu , Furkan Şahinuç , Haldun M. Ozaktas , Aykut Koç

Code retrieval is to find the code snippet from a large corpus of source code repositories that highly matches the query of natural language description. Recent work mainly uses natural language processing techniques to process both query…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Xiang Ling , Lingfei Wu , Saizhuo Wang , Gaoning Pan , Tengfei Ma , Fangli Xu , Alex X. Liu , Chunming Wu , Shouling Ji

We study the problem of semantic matching in product search, that is, given a customer query, retrieve all semantically related products from the catalog. Pure lexical matching via an inverted index falls short in this respect due to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Priyanka Nigam , Yiwei Song , Vijai Mohan , Vihan Lakshman , Weitian , Ding , Ankit Shingavi , Choon Hui Teo , Hao Gu , Bing Yin

While dense retrieval models, which embed queries and documents into a shared low-dimensional space, have gained widespread popularity, they were shown to exhibit important theoretical limitations and considerably lag behind traditional…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Adrian Bracher , Svitlana Vakulenko

Code search is a common practice for developers during software implementation. The challenges of accurate code search mainly lie in the knowledge gap between source code and natural language (i.e., queries). Due to the limited code-query…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-21 Chaozheng Wang , Zhenghao Nong , Cuiyun Gao , Zongjie Li , Jichuan Zeng , Zhenchang Xing , Yang Liu

This paper reviews, analyzes, and proposes a new perspective on the bi-encoder architecture for neural search. While the bi-encoder architecture is widely used due to its simplicity and scalability at test time, it has some notable issues…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Hung-Nghiep Tran , Akiko Aizawa , Atsuhiro Takasu

Pre-trained code models have emerged as the state-of-the-art paradigm for code search tasks. The paradigm involves pre-training the model on search-irrelevant tasks such as masked language modeling, followed by the fine-tuning stage, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Hande Dong , Jiayi Lin , Yanlin Wang , Yichong Leng , Jiawei Chen , Yutao Xie

Retrieval augmented generation mitigates limitations of large language models in factual consistency and knowledge updating by introducing external knowledge. However, practical applications still suffer from semantic misalignment between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Xin Chen , Saili Uday Gadgil , Jiarong Qiu

The performance of neural code search is significantly influenced by the quality of the training data from which the neural models are derived. A large corpus of high-quality query and code pairs is demanded to establish a precise mapping…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Zhensu Sun , Li Li , Yan Liu , Xiaoning Du , Li Li

Despite the remarkable advances in language modeling, current mainstream decoding methods still struggle to generate texts that align with human texts across different aspects. In particular, sampling-based methods produce less-repetitive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Haozhe Ji , Pei Ke , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang