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Recently, Holt and McMillan [Bionformatics 2014, ACM-BCB 2014] have proposed a simple and elegant algorithm to merge the Burrows-Wheeler transforms of a family of strings. In this paper we show that the H&M algorithm can be improved so…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-09-16 Giovanni Manzini

A parameterized string (p-string) is a string over an alphabet $(\Sigma_{s} \cup \Sigma_{p})$, where $\Sigma_{s}$ and $\Sigma_{p}$ are disjoint alphabets for static symbols (s-symbols) and for parameter symbols (p-symbols), respectively.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-08-14 Kento Iseri , Tomohiro I , Diptarama Hendrian , Dominik Köppl , Ryo Yoshinaka , Ayumi Shinohara

We propose a new technique for creating a space-efficient index for large repetitive text collections, such as pangenomic databases containing sequences of many individuals from the same species. We combine two recent techniques from this…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Adrián Goga , Andrej Baláž

In this paper, we describe a new type of match between a pattern and a text that aren't necessarily maximal in the query, but still contain useful matching information: locally maximal exact matches (LEMs). There are usually a large amount…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Ahsan Sanaullah , Degui Zhi , Shaojie Zhang

Motivation The Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) is the foundation of many algorithms for compression and indexing of text data, but the cost of computing the BWT of very large string collections has prevented these techniques from being…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Anthony J. Cox , Markus J. Bauer , Tobias Jakobi , Giovanna Rosone

The move structure represents permutations with long contiguously permuted intervals in compressed space with optimal query time. They have become an important feature of compressed text indexes using space proportional to the number of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Nathaniel K. Brown , Ben Langmead

In recent years, the focus of bioinformatics research has moved from individual sequences to collections of sequences. Given the fundamental role of the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) in string processing, a number of dedicated tools have…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Davide Cenzato , Zsuzsanna Lipták

The Burrows-Wheeler-Transform (BWT), a reversible string transformation, is one of the fundamental components of many current data structures in string processing. It is central in data compression, as well as in efficient query algorithms…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Sara Giuliani , Shunsuke Inenaga , Zsuzsanna Lipták , Nicola Prezza , Marinella Sciortino , Anna Toffanello

The Burrows-Wheeler-Transform (BWT) is a reversible string transformation which plays a central role in text compression and is fundamental in many modern bioinformatics applications. The BWT is a permutation of the characters, which is in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Sara Giuliani , Zsuzsanna Lipták , Francesco Masillo , Romeo Rizzi

Recently, Cenzato et al.\ proposed a new text index, called the \emph{suffixient array}, which is a subset of the suffix array and supports locating a single pattern occurrence or finding its maximal exact matches (MEMs), assuming random…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Paola Bonizzoni , Younan Gao , Brian Riccardi

High-throughput sequencing technologies have led to explosive growth of genomic databases; one of which will soon reach hundreds of terabytes. For many applications we want to build and store indexes of these databases but constructing such…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-11-19 Christina Boucher , Travis Gagie , Alan Kuhnle , Ben Langmead , Giovanni Manzini , Taher Mun

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) serves as the basis for many important sequence indexes. On very large datasets (e.g. genomic databases), classical BWT construction algorithms are often infeasible because they usually need to have the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Jannik Olbrich

We first review how we can store a run-length compressed suffix array (RLCSA) for a text $T$ of length $n$ over an alphabet of size $\sigma$ whose Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) consists of $r$ runs in $O \left( \rule{0ex}{2ex} r \log (n /…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Nathaniel K. Brown , Travis Gagie , Giovanni Manzini , Gonzalo Navarro , Marinella Sciortino

The Burrows-Wheeler-Transform (BWT) is an invertible permutation of a text known to be highly compressible but also useful for sequence analysis, what makes the BWT highly attractive for lossless data compression. In this paper, we present…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-04-06 Uwe Baier

Motivated by challenges in pangenomic read alignment, we propose a generalization of Wheeler graphs that we call Wheeler maps. A Wheeler map stores a text $T[1..n]$ and an assignment of tags to the characters of $T$ such that we can…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Andrej Baláz , Travis Gagie , Adrián Goga , Simon Heumos , Gonzalo Navarro , Alessia Petescia , Jouni Sirén

The Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) is a string transformation that enhances string indexing and compressibility. Cotumaccio and Prezza [SODA '21] extended this transformation to nondeterministic finite automata (NFAs) through…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Ruben Becker , Nicola Cotumaccio , Sung-Hwan Kim , Nicola Prezza , Carlo Tosoni

We investigate properties of the bijective Burrows-Wheeler transform (BBWT). We show that for any string $w$, a bidirectional macro scheme of size $O(r_B)$ can be induced from the BBWT of $w$, where $r_B$ is the number of maximal character…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Golnaz Badkobeh , Hideo Bannai , Dominik Köppl

Mantaci et al. [TCS 2007] defined the eBWT to extend the definition of the BWT to a collection of strings, however, since this introduction, it has been used more generally to describe any BWT of a collection of strings and the fundamental…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Christina Boucher , Davide Cenzato , Zsuzsanna Lipták , Massimiliano Rossi , Marinella Sciortino

In this paper we propose a flexible and lightweight technique for merging compressed indices based on variants of Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT), thus addressing the need for algorithms that compute compressed indices over large…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-03-06 Lavinia Egidi , Giovanni Manzini

Indexing highly repetitive texts - such as genomic databases, software repositories and versioned text collections - has become an important problem since the turn of the millennium. A relevant compressibility measure for repetitive texts…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Travis Gagie , Gonzalo Navarro , Nicola Prezza