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This study aims to enhance the maintainability of code generated by Large Language Models (LLMs), with a focus on the Python programming language. As the use of LLMs for coding assistance grows, so do concerns about the maintainability of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Karthik Shivashankar , Antonio Martini

Generative Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable advancements in various NLP tasks. However, these advances have not been reflected in the translation task, especially those with moderate model sizes (i.e., 7B or 13B…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Haoran Xu , Young Jin Kim , Amr Sharaf , Hany Hassan Awadalla

Fine-tuning and in-context learning (ICL) are two prevalent methods in imbuing large language models with task-specific knowledge. It is commonly believed that fine-tuning can surpass ICL given sufficient training samples as it allows the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Qingyu Yin , Xuzheng He , Luoao Deng , Chak Tou Leong , Fan Wang , Yanzhao Yan , Xiaoyu Shen , Qiang Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being explored for their potential in software engineering, particularly in static analysis tasks. In this study, we investigate the potential of current LLMs to enhance call-graph analysis and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Ashwin Prasad Shivarpatna Venkatesh , Rose Sunil , Samkutty Sabu , Amir M. Mir , Sofia Reis , Eric Bodden

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized both general natural language processing and domain-specific applications such as code synthesis, legal reasoning, and finance. However, while prior studies have explored individual model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Gunjan Das , Paheli Bhattacharya , Rishabh Gupta

Multilingual large language models (MLLMs), trained on multilingual balanced data, demonstrate better zero-shot learning performance in non-English languages compared to large language models trained on English-dominant data. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Hwichan Kim , Jun Suzuki , Tosho Hirasawa , Mamoru Komachi

Public leaderboards increasingly suggest that large language models (LLMs) surpass human experts on benchmarks spanning academic knowledge, law, and programming. Yet most benchmarks are fully public, their questions widely mirrored across…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Eshwar Reddy M , Sourav Karmakar

Large Language Models like ChatGPT demonstrate a remarkable capacity to learn new concepts during inference without any fine-tuning. However, visual models trained to detect new objects during inference have been unable to replicate this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Christopher Fifty , Dennis Duan , Ronald G. Junkins , Ehsan Amid , Jure Leskovec , Christopher Re , Sebastian Thrun

The availability of large, high-quality datasets has been one of the main drivers of recent progress in question answering (QA). Such annotated datasets however are difficult and costly to collect, and rarely exist in languages other than…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Priyanka Agrawal , Chris Alberti , Fantine Huot , Joshua Maynez , Ji Ma , Sebastian Ruder , Kuzman Ganchev , Dipanjan Das , Mirella Lapata

Zero-shot cross-lingual knowledge transfer enables the multilingual pretrained language model (mPLM), finetuned on a task in one language, make predictions for this task in other languages. While being broadly studied for natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Nadezhda Chirkova , Sheng Liang , Vassilina Nikoulina

Large pre-trained language models (PLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on natural language understanding (NLU) tasks through fine-tuning. However, fine-tuned models still suffer from overconfident predictions, especially in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Guande He , Jianfei Chen , Jun Zhu

Decoder-only LLMs have shown impressive performance in MT due to their ability to learn from extensive datasets and generate high-quality translations. However, LLMs often struggle with the nuances and style required for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Inacio Vieira , Will Allred , Séamus Lankford , Sheila Castilho , Andy Way

Although large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capacity to leverage in-context demonstrations, it is still unclear to what extent they can learn new concepts or facts from ground-truth labels. To address this question, we examine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Marcio Fonseca , Shay B. Cohen

Recent advances in reasoning with large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on complex mathematical tasks, including combinatorial optimization. Techniques such as Chain-of-Thought and In-Context Learning have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Marylou Fauchard , Florian Carichon , Margarida Carvalho , Golnoosh Farnadi

Large language models (LLMs) achieve remarkable advancements by leveraging tools to interact with environments, a critical step toward generalized AI. However, the standard supervised fine-tuning (SFT) approach, which relies on large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Junjie Ye , Yilong Wu , Sixian Li , Yuming Yang , Zhiheng Xi , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang , Peng Wang , Zhongchao Shi , Jianping Fan , Zhengyin Du

Large Language Models (LLMs), which bridge the gap between human language understanding and complex problem-solving, achieve state-of-the-art performance on several NLP tasks, particularly in few-shot and zero-shot settings. Despite the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Shuai Zhao , Meihuizi Jia , Zhongliang Guo , Leilei Gan , Xiaoyu Xu , Xiaobao Wu , Jie Fu , Yichao Feng , Fengjun Pan , Luu Anh Tuan

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate extraordinary abilities in a wide range of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. In this paper, we show that, beyond text understanding capability, LLMs are capable of processing text layouts that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Weiming Li , Manni Duan , Dong An , Yan Shao

Pretrained multilingual models (PMMs) enable zero-shot learning via cross-lingual transfer, performing best for languages seen during pretraining. While methods exist to improve performance for unseen languages, they have almost exclusively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Abteen Ebrahimi , Katharina Kann

As fine-tuning becomes the dominant paradigm for improving large language models (LLMs), understanding what changes during this process is increasingly important. Traditional benchmarking often fails to explain why one model outperforms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Sabri Boughorbel , Fahim Dalvi , Nadir Durrani , Majd Hawasly

Large Language Models (LLMs) for public use require continuous pre-training to remain up-to-date with the latest data. The models also need to be fine-tuned with specific instructions to maintain their ability to follow instructions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Ishan Jindal , Chandana Badrinath , Pranjal Bharti , Lakkidi Vinay , Sachin Dev Sharma
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