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Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities across a wide range of tasks, yet their internal mechanisms remain largely opaque. In this paper, we introduce a simple, lightweight, and broadly applicable method with a focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Yixiu Zhao , Xiaozhi Wang , Zijun Yao , Lei Hou , Juanzi Li

Accelerating large language model (LLM) inference is critical for real-world deployments requiring high throughput and low latency. Contextual sparsity, where each token dynamically activates only a small subset of the model parameters,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Susav Shrestha , Brad Settlemyer , Nikoli Dryden , Narasimha Reddy

The recent rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized the deep learning field. However, the desire to deploy LLMs on edge devices introduces energy efficiency and latency challenges. Recurrent LLM (R-LLM) architectures have…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Ivan Knunyants , Maryam Tavakol , Manolis Sifalakis , Yingfu Xu , Amirreza Yousefzadeh , Guangzhi Tang

Large language models (LLMs) can perform reasoning computations both internally within their latent space and externally by generating explicit token sequences like chains of thought. Significant progress in enhancing reasoning abilities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Thilo Hagendorff , Sarah Fabi

Activation sparsity can enable practical inference speedups in large language models (LLMs) by reducing the compute and memory-movement required for matrix multiplications during the forward pass. However, existing methods face limitations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 James Liu , Pragaash Ponnusamy , Tianle Cai , Han Guo , Yoon Kim , Ben Athiwaratkun

We investigate how Large Language Models (LLMs) distinguish between memorization and generalization at the neuron level. Through carefully designed tasks, we identify distinct neuron subsets responsible for each behavior. Experiments on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Ko-Wei Huang , Yi-Fu Fu , Ching-Yu Tsai , Yu-Chieh Tu , Tzu-Ling Cheng , Cheng-Yu Lin , Yi-Ting Yang , Heng-Yi Liu , Keng-Te Liao , Da-Cheng Juan , Shou-De Lin

Over the years, many researchers have seemingly made the same observation: Brain and language model activations exhibit some structural similarities, enabling linear partial mappings between features extracted from neural recordings and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Antonia Karamolegkou , Mostafa Abdou , Anders Søgaard

Large language models (LLM) have emerged as a powerful tool for AI, with the key ability of in-context learning (ICL), where they can perform well on unseen tasks based on a brief series of task examples without necessitating any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Zhenmei Shi , Junyi Wei , Zhuoyan Xu , Yingyu Liang

Large language models (LLMs) reliably predict neural activity during language comprehension and transformer depth has been interpreted as mirroring hierarchical cortical organization. However, it remains unclear whether such alignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Ni Yang , Rui He , Philipp Homan , Iris Sommer , Davide Staub , Wolfram Hinzen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in complex reasoning tasks. However, current approaches employ uniform language density for both intermediate reasoning and final answers, leading to computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Zhengyi Zhao , Shubo Zhang , Yuxi Zhang , Huimin Wang , Binyang Li , Kam-Fai Wong

The advancement of large language models (LLMs) has led to a greater challenge of having a rigorous and systematic evaluation of complex tasks performed, especially in enterprise applications. Therefore, LLMs need to be able to benchmark…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Bing Zhang , Mikio Takeuchi , Ryo Kawahara , Shubhi Asthana , Md. Maruf Hossain , Guang-Jie Ren , Kate Soule , Yada Zhu

Many natural language processing (NLP) tasks involve reasoning with textual spans, including question answering, entity recognition, and coreference resolution. While extensive research has focused on functional architectures for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Shubham Toshniwal , Haoyue Shi , Bowen Shi , Lingyu Gao , Karen Livescu , Kevin Gimpel

Creative thinking is a fundamental aspect of human cognition, and divergent thinking-the capacity to generate novel and varied ideas-is widely regarded as its core generative engine. Large language models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated…

While existing benchmarks probe the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs) across diverse domains, they predominantly assess passive reasoning, providing models with all the information needed to reach a solution. By contrast,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Zhanke Zhou , Xiao Feng , Zhaocheng Zhu , Jiangchao Yao , Sanmi Koyejo , Bo Han

Large language models (LLMs) are very performant connectionist systems, but do they exhibit more compositionality? More importantly, is that part of why they perform so well? We present empirical analyses across four LLM families (12…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Ruchira Dhar , Anders Søgaard

Artificial Neural Networks, the building blocks of AI, were inspired by the human brain's network of neurons. Over the years, these networks have evolved to replicate the complex capabilities of the brain, allowing them to handle tasks such…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-11 Sanaz Saki Norouzi , Mohammad Masjedi , Pascal Hitzler

Recent work has demonstrated that large-scale, multi-animal models are powerful tools for characterizing the relationship between neural activity and behavior. Current large-scale approaches, however, focus exclusively on either predicting…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse applications, yet their deployment remains challenging due to substantial computational costs, memory requirements, and energy consumption. Recent empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Kaito Tanaka , Masato Ito , Yuji Nishimura , Keisuke Matsuda , Aya Nakayama

As reasoning LLMs increasingly trade tokens for accuracy through deliberation, search, and self-correction, a single accuracy score can no longer tell whether those tokens buy useful reasoning, recovery from hard instances, or unnecessary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Daniel Kaiser , Arnoldo Frigessi , Ali Ramezani-Kebrya , Benjamin Ricaud

Encoding models are used for predicting brain activity in response to sensory stimuli with the objective of elucidating how sensory information is represented in the brain. Encoding models typically comprise a nonlinear transformation of…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2017-03-13 Umut Güçlü , Marcel A. J. van Gerven
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