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Positional encoding is essential for supplementing transformer with positional information of tokens. Existing positional encoding methods demand predefined token/feature order, rendering them unsuitable for real-world data with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Kaichen Xu , Yihang Du , Mianpeng Liu , Zimu Yu , Xiaobo Sun

Recovering causal relationships from data is an important problem. Using observational data, one can typically only recover causal graphs up to a Markov equivalence class and additional assumptions or interventional data are needed for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Davin Choo , Kirankumar Shiragur

This article presents a novel method for causal discovery with generalized structural equation models suited for analyzing diverse types of outcomes, including discrete, continuous, and mixed data. Causal discovery often faces challenges…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-26 Minjie Wang , Xiaotong Shen , Wei Pan

Causal discovery from observational and interventional data is challenging due to limited data and non-identifiability: factors that introduce uncertainty in estimating the underlying structural causal model (SCM). Selecting experiments…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Panagiotis Tigas , Yashas Annadani , Andrew Jesson , Bernhard Schölkopf , Yarin Gal , Stefan Bauer

We consider the problem of inferring the causal structure from observational data, especially when the structure is sparse. This type of problem is usually formulated as an inference of a directed acyclic graph (DAG) model. The linear…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-21 Kazuharu Harada , Hironori Fujisawa

We propose a novel score-based approach to learning a directed acyclic graph (DAG) from observational data. We adapt a recently proposed continuous constrained optimization formulation to allow for nonlinear relationships between variables…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Sébastien Lachapelle , Philippe Brouillard , Tristan Deleu , Simon Lacoste-Julien

Learning causal relationships between variables from data is a fundamental research area with many applications across disciplines. Most existing causal discovery algorithms rely on the assumptions that (i) the underlying system is acyclic,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Alpar Turkoglu , Muralikrishnna G. Sethuraman , Faramarz Fekri

We consider recovering causal structure from multivariate observational data. We assume the data arise from a linear structural equation model (SEM) in which the idiosyncratic errors are allowed to be dependent in order to capture possible…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-11 Y. Samuel Wang , Mathias Drton

Causal discovery is essential across various scientific fields to uncover causal structures within data. Traditional methods relying on observational data have limitations due to confounding variables. This paper presents an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Abdelmonem Elrefaey , Rong Pan

Acyclic model, often depicted as a directed acyclic graph (DAG), has been widely employed to represent directional causal relations among collected nodes. In this article, we propose an efficient method to learn linear non-Gaussian DAG in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-02 Ruixuan Zhao , Xin He , Junhui Wang

Discovering the underlying Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) from time series observational data is highly challenging due to the dynamic nature and complex nonlinear interactions between variables. Existing methods typically search for the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Jiajun Zhang , Boyang Qiang , Xiaoyu Guo , Weiwei Xing , Yue Cheng , Witold Pedrycz

Finding cause-effect relationships is of key importance in science. Causal discovery aims to recover a graph from data that succinctly describes these cause-effect relationships. However, current methods face several challenges, especially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Jan Marco Ruiz de Vargas , Kirtan Padh , Niki Kilbertus

Causal discovery is the challenging task of inferring causal structure from data. Motivated by Pearl's Causal Hierarchy (PCH), which tells us that passive observations alone are not enough to distinguish correlation from causation, there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Andreas W. M. Sauter , Nicolò Botteghi , Erman Acar , Aske Plaat

We propose a constraint-based algorithm, which automatically determines causal relevance thresholds, to infer causal networks from data. We call these topological thresholds. We present two methods for determining the threshold: the first…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-24 Filipe Barroso , Diogo Gomes , Gareth J. Baxter

Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) serve as crucial data representations in domains such as hardware synthesis and compiler/program optimization for computing systems. DAG generative models facilitate the creation of synthetic DAGs, which can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Mufei Li , Viraj Shitole , Eli Chien , Changhai Man , Zhaodong Wang , Srinivas Sridharan , Ying Zhang , Tushar Krishna , Pan Li

Learning the structure of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) from observational data is a central problem in causal discovery, statistical signal processing, and machine learning. Under a linear Gaussian structural equation model (SEM) with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Hamed Ajorlou , Samuel Rey , Gonzalo Mateos , Geert Leus , Antonio G. Marques

The combinatorial search space presents a significant challenge to learning causality from data. Recently, the problem has been formulated into a continuous optimization framework with an acyclicity constraint, allowing for the exploration…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Hristo Petkov , Colin Hanley , Feng Dong

Causal graph discovery is a significant problem with applications across various disciplines. However, with observational data alone, the underlying causal graph can only be recovered up to its Markov equivalence class, and further…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Davin Choo , Kirankumar Shiragur , Caroline Uhler

This paper studies the problem of learning the correlation structure of a set of intervention functions defined on the directed acyclic graph (DAG) of a causal model. This is useful when we are interested in jointly learning the causal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-29 Virginia Aglietti , Theodoros Damoulas , Mauricio Álvarez , Javier González

We introduce the problem of active causal structure learning with advice. In the typical well-studied setting, the learning algorithm is given the essential graph for the observational distribution and is asked to recover the underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Davin Choo , Themis Gouleakis , Arnab Bhattacharyya