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This paper proposes a unified theoretical model to identify and test a comprehensive set of probabilistic updating biases within a single framework. The model achieves separate identification by focusing on the updating of belief…

General Economics · Economics 2026-03-27 Pedro Gonzalez-Fernandez

Can LLMs accurately adjust their confidence when facing opposition? Building on previous studies measuring calibration on static fact-based question-answering tasks, we evaluate Large Language Models (LLMs) in a dynamic, adversarial debate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Pradyumna Shyama Prasad , Minh Nhat Nguyen

The rapid spread of misinformation, driven by digital media and AI-generated content, has made automatic claim verification essential. Traditional methods, which depend on expert-annotated evidence, are labor-intensive and not scalable.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Yingming Zheng , Xiaoliang Liu , Peng Wu , Li Pan

Representation Engineering (RepE) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for enhancing AI transparency by focusing on high-level representations rather than individual neurons or circuits. It has proven effective in improving interpretability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Bowei Tian , Xuntao Lyu , Meng Liu , Hongyi Wang , Ang Li

Advances in the general capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have led to their use for information retrieval, and as components in automated decision systems. A faithful representation of probabilistic reasoning in these models may…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Gabriel Freedman , Francesca Toni

Understanding the internal thinking process of Large Language Models (LLMs) and the cause of hallucinations remains a key challenge. To this end, we introduce latent debate, a novel framework for interpreting model predictions through the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Lihu Chen , Xiang Yin , Francesca Toni

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revealed a growing need for human-AI collaboration, especially in creative decision-making scenarios where trust and reliance are paramount. Through human studies and model evaluations on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Manasi Sharma , Ho Chit Siu , Rohan Paleja , Jaime D. Peña

Although pretrained language models (PTLMs) have been shown to contain significant amounts of world knowledge, they can still produce inconsistent answers to questions when probed, even after using specialized training techniques to reduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Nora Kassner , Oyvind Tafjord , Hinrich Schutze , Peter Clark

Reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR) is a promising paradigm for improving large language model (LLM) agents on long-horizon interactive tasks. However, in partially observable environments, incomplete observations cause…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Wenjie Tang , Minne Li , Sijie Huang , Liquan Xiao , Yuan Zhou

Language model (LM) assistants are increasingly used in applications such as brainstorming and research. Improvements in memory and context size have allowed these models to become more autonomous, which has also resulted in more text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Jiayi Geng , Howard Chen , Ryan Liu , Manoel Horta Ribeiro , Robb Willer , Graham Neubig , Thomas L. Griffiths

Multi-agent debate system (MAD) imitating the process of human discussion in pursuit of truth, aims to align the correct cognition of different agents for the optimal solution. It is challenging to make various agents perform right and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Haotian Wang , Xiyuan Du , Weijiang Yu , Qianglong Chen , Kun Zhu , Zheng Chu , Lian Yan , Yi Guan

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as judges to evaluate agent performance, particularly in non-verifiable settings where judgments rely on agent trajectories including chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning. This paradigm…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Muhammad Khalifa , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Jaekyeom Kim , Sungryull Sohn , Yunxiang Zhang , Moontae Lee , Hao Peng , Lu Wang , Honglak Lee

Negotiation agents must infer what their counterpart values, update those beliefs over dialogue turns, and choose actions under uncertainty. End-to-end large language models (LLMs) can imitate negotiation dialogue, but their opponent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Zongqi Cui , Baihan Lin

Many applications of intelligent systems require reasoning about the mental states of agents in the domain. We may want to reason about an agent's beliefs, including beliefs about other agents; we may also want to reason about an agent's…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-01-18 Brian Milch , Daphne Koller

Warning: This research studies AI persuasion and bias amplification that could be misused; all experiments are for safety evaluation. Large Language Models (LLMs) now generate convincing, human-like text and are widely used in content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Saumya Roy

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has demonstrated significant potential in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, the success of RL for LLMs heavily relies on human-curated datasets and verifiable rewards,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Yixing Chen , Yiding Wang , Siqi Zhu , Haofei Yu , Tao Feng , Muhan Zhang , Mostofa Patwary , Jiaxuan You

Methods for interpreting machine learning black-box models increase the outcomes' transparency and in turn generates insight into the reliability and fairness of the algorithms. However, the interpretations themselves could contain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Yujia Zhang , Kuangyan Song , Yiming Sun , Sarah Tan , Madeleine Udell

Estimating treatment effects (TE) from observational data is a critical yet complex task in many fields, from healthcare and economics to public policy. While recent advances in machine learning and causal inference have produced powerful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Jeroen Berrevoets , Julianna Piskorz , Robert Davis , Harry Amad , Jim Weatherall , Mihaela van der Schaar

Motivated reasoning - the idea that individuals processing information may be motivated to either arrive at accurate beliefs or arrive at desired conclusions - has been well-explored as a human phenomenon. However, it remains unclear…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Neeley Pate , Adiba Mahbub Proma , Hangfeng He , James N. Druckman , Daniel C. Molden , Gourab Ghoshal , Ehsan Hoque

Large language models increasingly shape the information people consume: they are embedded in search, consulted for professional advice, deployed as agents, and used as a first stop for questions about policy, ethics, health, and politics.…