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Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are essential for studying kinetic plasma processes, but they often suffer from statistical noise, especially in plasmas with fast flows. We have also found that the typical central difference scheme used…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-06-16 Yuxi Chen , Hongyang Zhou , Gabor Toth

Recently proposed modifications of the standard particle-in-cell (PIC) method resolve long-standing limitations such as exact preservation of physically conserved quantities and unbiased ensemble down-sampling. Such advances pave the way…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2026-03-13 Frida Brogren , Christoffer Olofsson , Joel Magnusson , Arkady Gonoskov

We introduce a new electrostatic particle-in-cell algorithm capable of using large timesteps compared to particle gyro-period under a uniform external magnetic field. The algorithm extends earlier electrostatic fully implicit PIC…

Computational Physics · Physics 2023-05-31 Guangye Chen , Luis Chacón

We describe a new electrostatic Particle-In-Cell (PIC) code in curvilinear geometry called Curvilinear PIC (CPIC). The code models the microscopic (kinetic) evolution of a plasma with the PIC method, coupled with an adaptive computational…

There are many interesting physical processes which involve the generation of high density plasmas in large volumes. However, when modeling these systems numerically, the large densities and volumes present a significant computational…

Computational Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 A. E. Schulz , A. D. Greenwood , K. L. Cartwright , P. J. Mardahl

Electromagnetic particle-in-cell (PIC) codes are widely used to perform computer simulations of a variety of physical systems, including fusion plasmas, astrophysical plasmas, plasma wakefield particle accelerators, and secondary photon…

Computational Physics · Physics 2022-07-20 Edoardo Zoni , Remi Lehe , Olga Shapoval , Daniel Belkin , Neil Zaïm , Luca Fedeli , Henri Vincenti , Jean-Luc Vay

An electrostatic, implicit particle-in-cell (PIC) model for collisionless, fully magnetized, paraxial plasma expansions in a magnetic nozzle is introduced with exact charge, energy, and magnetic moment conservation properties. The approach…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2024-05-14 Pedro Jimenez , Luis Chacon , Mario Merino

Particle-In-Cell (PIC) codes are broadly applied to the kinetic simulation of plasmas, from laser-matter interaction to astrophysics. Their heavy simulation cost can be mitigated by using the Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD)…

The particle-in-cell (PIC) method has been widely used for plasma simulation, because of its noise-reduction capability and moderate computational cost. The immersed finite element (IFE) method is efficient for solving interface problems on…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-10-18 Jinwei Bai , Yong Cao , Yuchuan Chu , Xu Zhang

Basic principles of particle-in-cell (PIC ) codes with the main application for plasma-based acceleration are discussed. The ab initio full electromagnetic relativistic PIC codes provide the most reliable description of plasmas. Their…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2015-10-06 Alexander Pukhov

The Particle-In-Cell (PIC) method is widely used in relativistic particle beam and laser plasma modeling. However, the PIC method exhibits numerical instabilities that can render unphysical simulation results or even destroy the simulation.…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2016-05-04 M. D. Meyers , C. -K. Huang , Y. Zeng , S. A. Yi , B. J. Albright

This paper formulates a new particle-in-cell method for the Vlasov-Maxwell system. Under the Lorenz gauge condition, Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic fields can be written as a collection of scalar and vector wave equations. The…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2024-01-18 Andrew J. Christlieb , William A. Sands , Stephen White

Global particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of pulsar magnetospheres are performed with a volume, surface and pair production-based plasma injection schemes to systematically investigate the transition between electrosphere and force-free…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-10-16 Fábio Cruz , Thomas Grismayer , Alexander Y. Chen , Anatoly Spitkovsky , Ricardo A. Fonseca , Luis O. Silva

Black hole environments often host plasmas that are fully collisionless or contain intrinsically collisionless regions, including relativistic jets and coronae where particle energization is ubiquitous. Capturing the physics of these…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-11-25 Alisa Galishnikova , Hayk Hakobyan , Alexander Philippov , Benjamin Crinquand

In this article, we present an in-depth verification of the generalized electrostatic reduced-order particle-in-cell (PIC) scheme in a cross electric and magnetic field configuration representative of a radial-azimuthal section of a Hall…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2022-12-01 Farbod Faraji , Maryam Reza , Aaron Knoll

Phenomena taking place in capacitively coupled plasmas with large electrodes and driven at very high frequencies are studied numerically utilizing a novel energy- and charge-conserving implicit fully electromagnetic particle-in-cell / Monte…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2023-05-17 D. Eremin , E. Kemaneci , M. Matsukuma , T. Mussenbrock , R. P. Brinkmann

For simulating laser-plasma interactions, we developed a parallel, multi-dimensional, fully relativistically particle-in-cell (PIC) code, named YUNIC. The core algorithm is introduced, including field solver, particle pusher, field…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2021-04-02 Huai-Hang Song , Wei-Min Wang , Yu-Tong Li

We design and develop a new Particle-in-Cell (PIC) method for plasma simulations using Deep-Learning (DL) to calculate the electric field from the electron phase space. We train a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and a Convolutional Neural…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2021-07-07 Xavier Aguilar , Stefano Markidis

Room-temperature metals and semi-metals which consist of a gas of bound electrons in a near-continuum band structure can be classified as cold quantum plasmas. This insight suggests that Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations, traditionally…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2025-01-14 Gregory K. Ngirmang , Hue T. B. Do , Guangxin Liu , Michel Bosman , Lin Wu

This paper introduces a novel formulation of the Particle-In-Cell (PIC) method for the modeling of relativistic plasmas, which leverages the ability of the Pseudo-Spectral Analytical Time-Domain solver (PSATD) to handle arbitrary time…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2023-12-29 Olga Shapoval , Edoardo Zoni , Remi Lehe , Maxence Thevenet , Jean-Luc Vay