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The recent surge in jailbreaking attacks has revealed significant vulnerabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs) when exposed to malicious inputs. While various defense strategies have been proposed to mitigate these threats, there has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Tianlong Li , Zhenghua Wang , Wenhao Liu , Muling Wu , Shihan Dou , Changze Lv , Xiaohua Wang , Xiaoqing Zheng , Xuanjing Huang

Large-scale language models have achieved tremendous success across various natural language processing (NLP) applications. Nevertheless, language models are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, which inject stealthy triggers into models for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Yujin Huang , Terry Yue Zhuo , Qiongkai Xu , Han Hu , Xingliang Yuan , Chunyang Chen

Although many large language models (LLMs) have been trained to refuse harmful requests, they are still vulnerable to jailbreaking attacks which rewrite the original prompt to conceal its harmful intent. In this paper, we propose a new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Yihan Wang , Zhouxing Shi , Andrew Bai , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have greatly advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP), particularly through instruction tuning, which enables broad task generalization without additional fine-tuning. However, their reliance on large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 San Kim , Gary Geunbae Lee

Defense in large language models (LLMs) is crucial to counter the numerous attackers exploiting these systems to generate harmful content through manipulated prompts, known as jailbreak attacks. Although many defense strategies have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Bocheng Chen , Hanqing Guo , Qiben Yan

Recent studies show that neural natural language processing (NLP) models are vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Injected with backdoors, models perform normally on benign examples but produce attacker-specified predictions when the backdoor is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Fanchao Qi , Yuan Yao , Sophia Xu , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Backdoor attacks pose severe security threats to large language models (LLMs), where a model behaves normally under benign inputs but produces malicious outputs when a hidden trigger appears. Existing backdoor removal methods typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jianwei Li , Jung-Eun Kim

Vision Language Models (VLMs) have shown remarkable performance, but are also vulnerable to backdoor attacks whereby the adversary can manipulate the model's outputs through hidden triggers. Prior attacks primarily rely on single-modality…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Zhiyuan Zhong , Zhen Sun , Yepang Liu , Xinlei He , Guanhong Tao

Current research in adversarial robustness of LLMs focuses on discrete input manipulations in the natural language space, which can be directly transferred to closed-source models. However, this approach neglects the steady progression of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Leo Schwinn , David Dobre , Sophie Xhonneux , Gauthier Gidel , Stephan Gunnemann

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed artificial intelligence by advancing natural language understanding and generation, enabling applications across fields beyond healthcare, software engineering, and conversational systems.…

The remarkable performance of large language models (LLMs) in generation tasks has enabled practitioners to leverage publicly available models to power custom applications, such as chatbots and virtual assistants. However, the data used to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Yuetai Li , Zhangchen Xu , Fengqing Jiang , Luyao Niu , Dinuka Sahabandu , Bhaskar Ramasubramanian , Radha Poovendran

The deployment of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has brought forth a unique vulnerability: susceptibility to malicious attacks through visual inputs. This paper investigates the novel challenge of defending MLLMs against such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Renjie Pi , Tianyang Han , Jianshu Zhang , Yueqi Xie , Rui Pan , Qing Lian , Hanze Dong , Jipeng Zhang , Tong Zhang

Backdoor attacks pose a significant threat to Large Language Models (LLMs), where adversaries can embed hidden triggers to manipulate LLM's outputs. Most existing defense methods, primarily designed for classification tasks, are ineffective…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zihan Wang , Rui Zhang , Hongwei Li , Wenshu Fan , Wenbo Jiang , Qingchuan Zhao , Guowen Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely integrated into interactive systems such as dialogue agents and task-oriented assistants. This growing ecosystem also raises supply-chain risks, where adversaries can distribute poisoned models that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yiyang Lu , Jinwen He , Yue Zhao , Kai Chen , Ruigang Liang , Cheng Hong , Yingjun Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant promise in real-world decision-making tasks for embodied artificial intelligence, especially when fine-tuned to leverage their inherent common sense and reasoning abilities while being…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Ruochen Jiao , Shaoyuan Xie , Justin Yue , Takami Sato , Lixu Wang , Yixuan Wang , Qi Alfred Chen , Qi Zhu

Pre-trained language models have achieved remarkable success across a wide range of natural language processing (NLP) tasks, particularly when fine-tuned on large, domain-relevant datasets. However, they remain vulnerable to backdoor…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Anindya Sundar Das , Kangjie Chen , Monowar Bhuyan

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) have achieved impressive performance across a wide range of vision-language tasks, while they remain vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Existing backdoor attacks on LVLMs aim to force the victim model to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhifang Zhang , Qiqi Tao , Jiaqi Lv , Na Zhao , Lei Feng , Joey Tianyi Zhou

The rapid adoption of Large Language Model (LLM) agents and multi-agent systems enables remarkable capabilities in natural language processing and generation. However, these systems introduce security vulnerabilities that extend beyond…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Matteo Lupinacci , Francesco Aurelio Pironti , Francesco Blefari , Francesco Romeo , Luigi Arena , Angelo Furfaro

Generative large language models are crucial in natural language processing, but they are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where subtle triggers compromise their behavior. Although backdoor attacks against LLMs are constantly emerging,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Xuxu Liu , Siyuan Liang , Mengya Han , Yong Luo , Aishan Liu , Xiantao Cai , Zheng He , Dacheng Tao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become integral to many applications, with system prompts serving as a key mechanism to regulate model behavior and ensure ethical outputs. In this paper, we introduce a novel backdoor attack that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Lu Yan , Siyuan Cheng , Xuan Chen , Kaiyuan Zhang , Guangyu Shen , Zhuo Zhang , Xiangyu Zhang