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A fault-tolerant quantum computer will be supported by a classical decoding system interfacing with quantum hardware to perform quantum error correction. It is important that the decoder can keep pace with the quantum clock speed, within…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-17 Samuel C. Smith , Benjamin J. Brown , Stephen D. Bartlett

Spatially coupled codes have been of interest recently owing to their superior performance over memoryless binary-input channels. The performance is good both asymptotically, since the belief propagation thresholds approach capacity, as…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2012-12-03 Aravind R. Iyengar , Paul H. Siegel , Rudiger L. Urbanke , Jack K. Wolf

Quantum computing is poised to solve practically useful problems which are computationally intractable for classical supercomputers. However, the current generation of quantum computers are limited by errors that may only partially be…

The development of practical, high-performance decoding algorithms reduces the resource cost of fault-tolerant quantum computing. Here we propose a decoder for the surface code that finds low-weight correction operators for errors produced…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-19 Asmae Benhemou , Kaavya Sahay , Lingling Lao , Benjamin J. Brown

In this letter, we propose a reliability-based windowed decoding scheme for spatially-coupled (SC) low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. To mitigate the error propagation along the sliding windowed decoder of the SC LDPC codes, a partial…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-05-10 Peng Kang , Yixuan Xie , Lei Yang , Jinhong Yuan

Quantum error correction (QEC) with single-shot decoding enables reduction of errors after every single round of noisy stabilizer measurement, easing the time-overhead requirements for fault tolerance. Notably, several classes of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-07 Shilin Huang , Shruti Puri

Fault tolerance is a prerequisite for scalable quantum computing. Architectures based on 2D topological codes are effective for near-term implementations of fault tolerance. To obtain high performance with these architectures, we require a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-23 Ben Criger , Imran Ashraf

We investigate error propagation in sliding window decoding of braided convolutional codes (BCCs). Previous studies of BCCs have focused on iterative decoding thresholds, minimum distance properties, and their bit error rate (BER)…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-04-30 Min Zhu , David G. M. Mitchell , Michael Lentmaier , Daniel J. Costello, , Baoming Bai

Fault-tolerant quantum computers use decoders to monitor for errors and find a plausible correction. A decoder may provide a decoder confidence score (DCS) to gauge its success. We adopt a swim distance DCS, computed from the shortest path…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-19 Maria Dincă , Tim Chan , Simon C. Benjamin

Transversal logical gates offer the opportunity for fast and low-noise logic, particularly when interspersed by a single round of parity check measurements of the underlying code. Using such circuits for the surface code requires decoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-23 Marc Serra-Peralta , Mackenzie H. Shaw , Barbara M. Terhal

We design Snowflake, a quantum error correction decoder that, for the surface code under circuit-level noise, is roughly 25% more accurate than the Union-Find decoder, with a better mean runtime scaling: subquadratic as opposed to cubic in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-23 Tim Chan

One of the fundamental challenges in enabling fault-tolerant quantum computation is realising fast enough quantum decoders. We present a new two-stage decoder that accelerates the decoding cycle and boosts accuracy. In the first stage, a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-24 Laura Caune , Brendan Reid , Joan Camps , Earl Campbell

Fast, reliable decoders are pivotal components for enabling fault-tolerant quantum computation. Neural network decoders like AlphaQubit have demonstrated significant potential, achieving higher accuracy than traditional human-designed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-05 Kai Zhang , Situ Wang , Linghang Kong , Fang Zhang , Zhengfeng Ji , Jianxin Chen

Universal fault-tolerant quantum computation will require real-time decoding algorithms capable of quickly extracting logical outcomes from the stream of data generated by noisy quantum hardware. We propose modular decoding, an approach…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-10 Héctor Bombín , Chris Dawson , Ye-Hua Liu , Naomi Nickerson , Fernando Pastawski , Sam Roberts

The constituent parts of a quantum computer are inherently vulnerable to errors. To this end we have developed quantum error-correcting codes to protect quantum information from noise. However, discovering codes that are capable of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-24 Benjamin J. Brown , Naomi H. Nickerson , Dan E. Browne

Surface codes reach high error thresholds when decoded with known algorithms, but the decoding time will likely exceed the available time budget, especially for near-term implementations. To decrease the decoding time, we reduce the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-07 Savvas Varsamopoulos , Ben Criger , Koen Bertels

Quantum errors are primarily detected and corrected using the measurement of syndrome information which itself is an unreliable step in practical error correction implementations. Typically, such faulty or noisy syndrome measurements are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-06 Nithin Raveendran , Narayanan Rengaswamy , Asit Kumar Pradhan , Bane Vasić

Streaming computation plays an important role in large-scale data analysis. The sliding window model is a model of streaming computation which also captures the recency of the data. In this model, data arrives one item at a time, but only…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-11-01 Alessandro Epasto , Mohammad Mahdian , Vahab Mirrokni , Peilin Zhong

To manage the complexity of transformers in video compression, local attention mechanisms are a practical necessity. The common approach of partitioning frames into patches, however, creates architectural flaws like irregular receptive…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-07 Alexander Kopte , André Kaup

At present, state-of-the-art forecasting models are short of the ability to capture spatio-temporal dependency and synthesize global information at the stage of learning. To address this issue, in this paper, through the adaptive fuzzified…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Lijian Li