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Context. Behaviour-Driven Development (BDD) suites in Gherkin accumulate step-text duplication with documented maintenance cost. Prior detectors either require runnable tests or are single-organisation, leaving a gap: a static,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ali Hassaan Mughal , Noor Fatima , Muhammad Bilal

Large language models (LLMs) now solve multi-step problems by emitting extended chains of thought. During the process, they often re-derive the same intermediate steps across problems, inflating token usage and latency. This saturation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Aniket Didolkar , Nicolas Ballas , Sanjeev Arora , Anirudh Goyal

Security of software supply chains is necessary to ensure that software updates do not contain maliciously injected code or introduce vulnerabilities that may compromise the integrity of critical infrastructure. Verifying the integrity of…

Binary vulnerability analysis is increasingly performed by LLM-based agents in an iterative, multi-pass manner, with the model as the core decision-maker. However, how such systems organize exploration over hundreds of reasoning steps…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Qiang Li , XiangRui Zhang , Haining Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed task automation and content generation across various domains while incorporating safety filters to prevent misuse. We introduce a novel jailbreaking framework that employs distributed prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Johan Wahréus , Ahmed Hussain , Panos Papadimitratos

Recent advances in language model (LM) agents and function calling have enabled autonomous, feedback-driven systems to solve problems across various digital domains. To better understand the unique limitations of LM agents, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Dhruv Gautam , Spandan Garg , Jinu Jang , Neel Sundaresan , Roshanak Zilouchian Moghaddam

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently attracted wide interest for tackling software engineering tasks. In contrast to code generation, refactoring demands precise, semantics-preserving edits that improve program structure, which also…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Yisen Xu , Jinqiu Yang , Tse-Hsun , Chen

Large language models (LLMs) perform strongly on general-purpose code generation, yet their applicability to enterprise domain-specific languages (DSLs) remains underexplored, especially for repository-scale change generation spanning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Sivajeet Chand , Kevin Nguyen , Peter Kuntz , Alexander Pretschner

A less complex and more straightforward program is a crucial factor that enhances its maintainability and makes writing secure and bug-free programs easier. However, due to its heavy workload and the risks of breaking the working programs,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Atsushi Shirafuji , Yusuke Oda , Jun Suzuki , Makoto Morishita , Yutaka Watanobe

Refactoring is one of the most important activities in software engineering which is used to improve the quality of a software system. With the advancement of deep learning techniques, researchers are attempting to apply deep learning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Bridget Nyirongo , Yanjie Jiang , He Jiang , Hui Liu

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are widely used in vision-language reasoning tasks. However, their vulnerability to adversarial prompts remains a serious concern, as safety mechanisms often fail to prevent the generation of harmful…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Zuoou Li , Weitong Zhang , Jingyuan Wang , Shuyuan Zhang , Wenjia Bai , Bernhard Kainz , Mengyun Qiao

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be capable of impressive few-shot generalisation to new tasks. However, they still tend to perform poorly on multi-step logical reasoning problems. Here we carry out a comprehensive evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Antonia Creswell , Murray Shanahan , Irina Higgins

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs), make it potentially feasible to automatically refactor source code with LLMs. However, it remains unclear how well LLMs perform compared to human experts in conducting refactorings…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Bo Liu , Yanjie Jiang , Yuxia Zhang , Nan Niu , Guangjie Li , Hui Liu

Large language models (LLMs) perform strongly on many language tasks but still struggle with complex multi-step reasoning across disciplines. Existing reasoning datasets often lack disciplinary breadth, reasoning depth, and diversity, as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Weize Liu , Yongchi Zhao , Yijia Luo , Mingyu Xu , Jiaheng Liu , Yanan Li , Xiguo Hu , Zhiqi Bai , Yuchi Xu , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng

Recent advances in coding agents have shown remarkable progress in software issue resolution. In practice, real-world issues are typically bug fixes or feature requests in which human developers naturally incorporate refactoring as part of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Zhao Tian , Zifan Zhang , Tao Xiao , Dong Wang , Masanari Kondo , Junjie Chen , Yasutaka Kamei

Large language models (LLMs) can face factual limitations when responding to time-sensitive queries about recent events that arise after their knowledge thresholds in the training corpus. Existing search-augmented approaches fall into two…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Wentao Shi , Yiqing Shen

Software refactoring is the process of changing the structure of software without any alteration in its behavior and functionality. Presuming it is carried out in appropriate opportunities, refactoring enhances software quality…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Hanieh Khosravi , Abbas Rasoolzadegan

Code refactoring is a fundamental software engineering practice aimed at improving code quality and maintainability. Despite its importance, developers often neglect refactoring due to the significant time, effort, and resources it…

This paper presents and implements the re-usability of scenarios within scenarios for behavior-driven development (BDD) Gherkin test scripts in the Cucumber Java framework. Though the focus of the presented work is on scenario re-usability…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-27 A. H. Mughal

Despite recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), their performance on tasks involving long contexts remains sub-optimal. In this work, we propose DoubleDipper, a novel In-Context-Learning method that automatically generates…

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