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LLM-based agents are increasingly deployed in high-stakes scenarios such as email management, financial transactions, and code execution, where they interact with the external world through tool calling. During execution, these agents must…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Peiran Wang , Ying Li , Yuan Tian

Security in LLM agents is inherently contextual. For example, the same action taken by an agent may represent legitimate behavior or a security violation depending on whose instruction led to the action, what objective is being pursued, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Vincent Siu , Jingxuan He , Kyle Montgomery , Zhun Wang , Neil Gong , Chenguang Wang , Dawn Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong but shallow alignment: they directly refuse harmful queries when a refusal is expected at the very start of an assistant turn, yet this protection collapses once a harmful continuation is underway…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Jiawei Zhang , Andrew Estornell , David D. Baek , Bo Li , Xiaojun Xu

With the advent and widespread deployment of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), the imperative to ensure their safety has become increasingly pronounced. However, with the integration of additional modalities, MLLMs are exposed to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Yu Wang , Xiaogeng Liu , Yu Li , Muhao Chen , Chaowei Xiao

This paper presents a real-time modular defense system named Sentra-Guard. The system detects and mitigates jailbreak and prompt injection attacks targeting large language models (LLMs). The framework uses a hybrid architecture with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Md. Mehedi Hasan , Sk Tanzir Mehedi , Ziaur Rahman , Rafid Mostafiz , Md. Abir Hossain

Automated evidence-based misinformation detection systems, which evaluate the veracity of short claims against evidence, lack comprehensive analysis of their adversarial vulnerabilities. Existing black-box text-based adversarial attacks are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Mazal Bethany , Nishant Vishwamitra , Cho-Yu Jason Chiang , Peyman Najafirad

Long-term memory is essential for natural, realistic dialogue. However, current large language model (LLM) memory systems rely on either brute-force context expansion or static retrieval pipelines that fail on edge-constrained devices. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Aneesh Jonelagadda , Christina Hahn , Haoze Zheng , Salvatore Penachio

LLM agents are evolving rapidly, powered by code execution, tools, and the recently introduced agent skills feature. Skills allow users to extend LLM applications with specialized third-party code, knowledge, and instructions. Although this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-26 David Schmotz , Luca Beurer-Kellner , Sahar Abdelnabi , Maksym Andriushchenko

Effective memory management is essential for large language model (LLM) agents handling long-term interactions. Current memory frameworks typically treat agents as passive "recorders" and retrieve information without understanding its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xiaohui Zhang , Zequn Sun , Chengyuan Yang , Yaqin Jin , Yazhong Zhang , Wei Hu

As LLM-powered agents are increasingly deployed in edge-cloud environments, personalized memory has become a key enabler of long-term adaptation and user-centric interaction. However, cloud-assisted memory management exposes sensitive user…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Yining Chen , Jihao Zhao , Bo Tang , Haofen Wang , Yue Zhang , Fei Huang , Feiyu Xiong , Zhiyu Li

Powerful autonomous systems, which reason, plan, and converse using and between numerous tools and agents, are made possible by Large Language Models (LLMs), Vision-Language Models (VLMs), and new agentic AI systems, like LangChain and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Toqeer Ali Syed , Mishal Ateeq Almutairi , Mahmoud Abdel Moaty

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly attracting attention in various applications. Nonetheless, there is a growing concern as some users attempt to exploit these models for malicious purposes, including the synthesis of controlled…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Chongwen Zhao , Yutong Ke , Kaizhu Huang

Modern software ecosystems face a rapidly growing number of disclosed vulnerabilities, increasing the need for automated repair techniques that can operate reliably at repository scale. Although Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Simiao Liu , Li Zhang , Fang Liu , Xiaoli Lian , Yang Liu , Yinghao Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agentic systems that plan, memorize, and act in open-world environments. This shift brings new security problems: failures are no longer only unsafe text generation, but can become…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zhihang Deng , Jiaping Gui , Weinan Zhang

Despite advancements in enhancing LLM safety against jailbreak attacks, evaluating LLM defenses remains a challenge, with current methods often lacking explainability and generalization to complex scenarios, leading to incomplete…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Fan Liu , Yue Feng , Zhao Xu , Lixin Su , Xinyu Ma , Dawei Yin , Hao Liu

As LLM agents evolve into collaborative multi-agent systems, their memory requirements grow rapidly in complexity. This position paper frames multi-agent memory as a computer architecture problem. We distinguish shared and distributed…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Zhongming Yu , Naicheng Yu , Hejia Zhang , Wentao Ni , Mingrui Yin , Jiaying Yang , Yujie Zhao , Jishen Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being adopted in a wide range of real-world applications. Despite their impressive performance, recent studies have shown that LLMs are vulnerable to deliberately crafted adversarial prompts…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Wei Zhao , Zhe Li , Yige Li , Ye Zhang , Jun Sun

The advent of Large Language Models LLMs marks a milestone in Artificial Intelligence, altering how machines comprehend and generate human language. However, LLMs are vulnerable to malicious prompt injection attacks, where crafted inputs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Sahasra Kokkula , Somanathan R , Nandavardhan R , Aashishkumar , G Divya

Although many large language models (LLMs) have been trained to refuse harmful requests, they are still vulnerable to jailbreaking attacks which rewrite the original prompt to conceal its harmful intent. In this paper, we propose a new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Yihan Wang , Zhouxing Shi , Andrew Bai , Cho-Jui Hsieh

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved tremendous success in various applications, they are also susceptible to jailbreaking attacks. Several primary defense strategies have been proposed to protect LLMs from producing harmful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Yichuan Mo , Yuji Wang , Zeming Wei , Yisen Wang