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The application of learning based methods to vehicle routing problems has emerged as a pivotal area of research in combinatorial optimization. These problems are characterized by vast solution spaces and intricate constraints, making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Zhenwei Wang , Ruibin Bai , Tiehua Zhang

Model-free deep-reinforcement-based learning algorithms have been applied to a range of COPs~\cite{bello2016neural}~\cite{kool2018attention}~\cite{nazari2018reinforcement}. However, these approaches suffer from two key challenges when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Nasrin Sultana , Jeffrey Chan , Tabinda Sarwar , A. K. Qin

The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is the combinatorial optimization problem of designing routes for vehicles to visit customers in such a fashion that a cost function, typically the number of vehicles, or the total travelled distance is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Sabino Francesco Roselli , Martin Fabian , Knut Åkesson

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP), a fundamental combinatorial optimization challenge, focuses on optimizing fleet operations under vehicle capacity constraints. While extensively studied in operational research, the NP-hard…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Zhuoliang Xie , Fei Liu , Zhenkun Wang , Qingfu Zhang

The Pickup and Delivery Problem (PDP) is a fundamental and challenging variant of the Vehicle Routing Problem, characterized by tightly coupled pickup--delivery pairs, precedence constraints, and spatial layouts that often exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Wentao Wang , Lifeng Han , Guangyu Zou

In this paper, we study the vehicle routing problem with a finite time horizon. In this routing problem, the objective is to maximize the number of customer requests served within a finite time horizon. We present a novel routing network…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Ayan Maity , Sudeshna Sarkar

The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is a popular generalization of the Traveling Salesperson Problem. Instead of one salesperson traversing the entire weighted, undirected graph $G$, there are $k$ vehicles available to jointly cover the set…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Michelle Döring , Jan Fehse , Tobias Friedrich , Paula Marten , Niklas Mohrin , Kirill Simonov , Farehe Soheil , Jakob Timm , Shaily Verma

This paper presents an approach to learn the local-search heuristics that iteratively improves the solution of Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). A local-search heuristics is composed of a destroy operator that destructs a candidate solution,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Lei Gao , Mingxiang Chen , Qichang Chen , Ganzhong Luo , Nuoyi Zhu , Zhixin Liu

This paper introduces the two-level capacitated vehicle routing problem (2S-CVRP). This problem combines the two-level bin packing problem and the vehicle routing problem into an integrated framework. The problem itself is an NP-hard…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-14 Congzheng Liu

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been widely applied in autonomous exploration and mapping tasks, but often struggles with the challenges of sampling efficiency, poor adaptability to unknown map sizes, and slow simulation speed. To…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Zhi Li , Jinghao Xin , Ning Li

This paper attempts to solve the famous Vehicle Routing Problem by considering multiple constraints including capacitated vehicles, single depot, and distance using two approaches namely, cluster first and route the second algorithm and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Apurv Choudhari , Ameya Ekbote , Prerona Chaudhuri

In this research, we propose an iterative learning hybrid optimization solver developed to strengthen the performance of metaheuristic algorithms in solving the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). The iterative hybrid mechanism…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Bachtiar Herdianto , Romain Billot , Flavien Lucas , Marc Sevaux , Daniele Vigo

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has been shown to be effective in producing approximate solutions to some vehicle routing problems (VRPs), especially when using policies generated by encoder-decoder attention mechanisms. While these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Joshua Levin , Randall Correll , Takanori Ide , Takafumi Suzuki , Saito Takaho , Alan Arai

High-speed cruising scenarios with mixed traffic greatly challenge the road safety of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Unlike existing works that only look at fundamental modules in isolation, this work enhances AV safety in mixed-traffic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-24 Jinhao Liang , Kaidi Yang , Chaopeng Tan , Jinxiang Wang , Guodong Yin

A key challenge in solving a combinatorial optimization problem is how to guide the agent (i.e., solver) to efficiently explore the enormous search space. Conventional approaches often rely on enumeration (e.g., exhaustive, random, or tabu…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Xingwen Zhang , Shuang Yang

Vehicle routing problems (VRPs), which can be found in numerous real-world applications, have been an important research topic for several decades. Recently, the neural combinatorial optimization (NCO) approach that leverages a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Fei Liu , Xi Lin , Zhenkun Wang , Qingfu Zhang , Xialiang Tong , Mingxuan Yuan

In this paper, we present improved approximation algorithms for the (unsplittable) Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) in general metrics. In CVRP, introduced by Dantzig and Ramser (1959), we are given a set of points (clients) $V$…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Zachary Friggstad , Ramin Mousavi , Mirmahdi Rahgoshay , Mohammad R. Salavatipour

The Fleet Size and Mix Vehicle Routing Problem (FSMVRP) is a prominent variant of the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), extensively studied in operations research and computational science. FSMVRP requires simultaneous decisions on fleet…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Pengfu Wan , Jiawei Chen , Gangyan Xu

One of the most well-known problems in transportation and logistics is the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). It involves optimizing a set of truck routes to service a set of customers, subject to limits on truck capacity, to…

This paper presents a framework to tackle constrained combinatorial optimization problems using deep Reinforcement Learning (RL). To this end, we extend the Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) theory in order to deal with constraints in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Ruben Solozabal , Josu Ceberio , Martin Takáč