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Implementing neural networks for clinical use in medical applications necessitates the ability for the network to detect when input data differs significantly from the training data, with the aim of preventing unreliable predictions. The…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Harry Anthony , Konstantinos Kamnitsas

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task for deploying machine learning models in the open world. Distance-based methods have demonstrated promise, where testing samples are detected as OOD if they are relatively far away from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Yiyou Sun , Yifei Ming , Xiaojin Zhu , Yixuan Li

Mahalanobis distance (MD) is a simple and popular post-processing method for detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs in neural networks. We analyze its failure modes for near-OOD detection and propose a simple fix called relative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Jie Ren , Stanislav Fort , Jeremiah Liu , Abhijit Guha Roy , Shreyas Padhy , Balaji Lakshminarayanan

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is critical for safe deployment; however, existing detectors often struggle to generalize across datasets of varying scales and model architectures, and some can incur high computational costs in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Litian Liu , Yao Qin

There has been a significant progress in detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs in neural networks recently, primarily due to the use of large models pretrained on large datasets, and an emerging use of multi-modality. We show a severe…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Stanislav Fort

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) examples is an important task for deploying reliable machine learning models in safety-critial applications. While post-hoc methods based on the Mahalanobis distance applied to pre-logit features are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Maximilian Mueller , Matthias Hein

Dialect classification is used in a variety of applications, such as machine translation and speech recognition, to improve the overall performance of the system. In a real-world scenario, a deployed dialect classification model can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Sourya Dipta Das , Yash Vadi , Abhishek Unnam , Kuldeep Yadav

Novelty detection aims to automatically identify out-of-distribution (OOD) data, without any prior knowledge of them. It is a critical step in data monitoring, behavior analysis and other applications, helping enable continual learning in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Jingbo Sun , Li Yang , Jiaxin Zhang , Frank Liu , Mahantesh Halappanavar , Deliang Fan , Yu Cao

While deep learning models have seen widespread success in controlled environments, there are still barriers to their adoption in open-world settings. One critical task for safe deployment is the detection of anomalous or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Connor Mclaughlin , Jason Matterer , Michael Yee

Automatic segmentation of ground glass opacities and consolidations in chest computer tomography (CT) scans can potentially ease the burden of radiologists during times of high resource utilisation. However, deep learning models are not…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-08 Camila Gonzalez , Karol Gotkowski , Moritz Fuchs , Andreas Bucher , Armin Dadras , Ricarda Fischbach , Isabel Kaltenborn , Anirban Mukhopadhyay

In the open world, detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data, whose labels are disjoint with those of in-distribution (ID) samples, is important for reliable deep neural networks (DNNs). To achieve better detection performance, one type of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Yingwen Wu , Ruiji Yu , Xinwen Cheng , Zhengbao He , Xiaolin Huang

Unsupervised out-of-distribution (U-OOD) detection has recently attracted much attention due its importance in mission-critical systems and broader applicability over its supervised counterpart. Despite this increase in attention, U-OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-22 Lars Doorenbos , Raphael Sznitman , Pablo Márquez-Neila

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical for reliable deployment of vision models. Mahalanobis-based detectors remain strong baselines, yet their performance varies widely across modern pretrained representations, and it is unclear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Denis Janiak , Jakub Binkowski , Tomasz Kajdanowicz

Purpose: A fundamental problem in designing safe machine learning systems is identifying when samples presented to a deployed model differ from those observed at training time. Detecting so-called out-of-distribution (OoD) samples is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Alain Jungo , Lars Doorenbos , Tommaso Da Col , Maarten Beelen , Martin Zinkernagel , Pablo Márquez-Neila , Raphael Sznitman

Neural network-based radio receivers are expected to play a key role in future wireless systems, making reliable Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) detection essential. We propose a post-hoc, layerwise OOD framework based on channelwise feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Marko Tuononen , Heikki Penttinen , Duy Vu , Dani Korpi , Vesa Starck , Ville Hautamäki

Bayesian nonparametric methods are naturally suited to the problem of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection. However, these techniques have largely been eschewed in favor of simpler methods based on distances between pre-trained or learned…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-28 Randolph W. Linderman , Noah Cowan , Yiran Chen , Scott W. Linderman

Deep learning models have become a popular choice for medical image analysis. However, the poor generalization performance of deep learning models limits them from being deployed in the real world as robustness is critical for medical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Anisie Uwimana1 , Ransalu Senanayake

The Mahalanobis distance-based confidence score, a recently proposed anomaly detection method for pre-trained neural classifiers, achieves state-of-the-art performance on both out-of-distribution (OoD) and adversarial examples detection.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-05-01 Ryo Kamoi , Kei Kobayashi

Clinically deployed segmentation models are known to fail on data outside of their training distribution. As these models perform well on most cases, it is imperative to detect out-of-distribution (OOD) images at inference to protect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-23 McKell Woodland , Nihil Patel , Mais Al Taie , Joshua P. Yung , Tucker J. Netherton , Ankit B. Patel , Kristy K. Brock

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a rapidly growing field due to new robustness and security requirements driven by an increased number of AI-based systems. Existing OOD textual detectors often rely on an anomaly score (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Maxime Darrin , Guillaume Staerman , Eduardo Dadalto Câmara Gomes , Jackie CK Cheung , Pablo Piantanida , Pierre Colombo
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