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Bilevel optimization problems embed the optimality of a subproblem as a constraint of another optimization problem. We introduce the concept of near-optimality robustness for bilevel optimization, protecting the upper-level solution…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-15 Mathieu Besançon , Miguel F. Anjos , Luce Brotcorne

We consider the convex bilevel optimization problem, also known as simple bilevel programming. There are two challenges in solving convex bilevel optimization problems. Firstly, strong duality is not guaranteed due to the lack of Slater…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-29 Khanh-Hung Giang-Tran , Nam Ho-Nguyen , Fatma Kılınç-Karzan , Lingqing Shen

In this paper we study constraint qualifications and optimality conditions for bilevel programming problems. We strive to derive checkable constraint qualifications in terms of problem data and applicable optimality conditions. For the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-10 Jane J. Ye

(Stochastic) bilevel optimization is a frequently encountered problem in machine learning with a wide range of applications such as meta-learning, hyper-parameter optimization, and reinforcement learning. Most of the existing studies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Meng Ding , Mingxi Lei , Yunwen Lei , Di Wang , Jinhui Xu

Solutions of bilevel optimization problems tend to suffer from instability under changes to problem data. In the optimistic setting, we construct a lifted formulation that exhibits desirable stability properties under mild assumptions that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-25 Johannes O. Royset

Bilevel optimization has witnessed a resurgence of interest, driven by its critical role in trustworthy and efficient AI applications. While many recent works have established convergence to stationary points or local minima, obtaining the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-25 Quan Xiao , Tianyi Chen

Second-order optimality conditions are essential for nonsmooth optimization, where both the objective and constraint functions are Lipschitz continuous and second-order directionally differentiable. This paper provides no-gap second-order…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-05 Xiang Liu , Mengwei Xu , Liwei Zhang

Bilevel optimization minimizes an objective function, defined by an upper-level problem whose feasible region is the solution of a lower-level problem. We study the oracle complexity of finding an $\epsilon$-stationary point with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-01 Lesi Chen , Jingzhao Zhang

Bilevel optimization reveals the inner structure of otherwise oblique optimization problems, such as hyperparameter tuning, neural architecture search, and meta-learning. A common goal in bilevel optimization is to minimize a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-29 Lesi Chen , Jing Xu , Jingzhao Zhang

A learning approach to selecting regularization parameters in multi-penalty Tikhonov regularization is investigated. It leads to a bilevel optimization problem, where the lower level problem is a Tikhonov regularized problem parameterized…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-12-05 Gernot Holler , Karl Kunisch , Richard C. Barnard

We consider simple bilevel optimization problems where the goal is to compute among the optimal solutions of a composite convex optimization problem, one that minimizes a secondary objective function. Our main contribution is threefold. (i)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-14 Sepideh Samadi , Daniel Burbano , Farzad Yousefian

It is well known that bilevel optimization problems are hard to solve both in theory and practice. In this paper, we highlight a further computational difficulty when it comes to solving bilevel problems with continuous but nonconvex lower…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-05-04 Yasmine Beck , Daniel Bienstock , Martin Schmidt , Johannes Thürauf

The addition of lower level integrality constraints to a bi-level linear program is known to result in significantly weaker analytical properties. Most notably, the upper level goal function in the optimistic setting lacks lower…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-13 Johanna Burtscheidt , Matthias Claus

In this paper we begin by discussing the simple bilevel programming problem (SBP) and its extension the simple mathematical programming problem under equilibrium constraints (SMPEC). Here we first define both these problems and study their…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-16 Stephan Dempe , Nguyen Dinh , Joydeep Dutta , Tanushree Pandit

Second-order optimality conditions of the bilevel programming problems are dependent on the second-order directional derivatives of the value functions or the solution mappings of the lower level problems under some regular conditions,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-07-24 Xiang Liu , Mengwei Xu , Liwei Zhang

This paper studies simple bilevel problems, where a convex upper-level function is minimized over the optimal solutions of a convex lower-level problem. We first show the fundamental difficulty of simple bilevel problems, that the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-28 Huaqing Zhang , Lesi Chen , Jing Xu , Jingzhao Zhang

We consider bilevel linear problems, where the right-hand side of the lower level problems is stochastic. The leader has to decide in a here-and-now fashion, while the follower has complete information. In this setting, the leader's outcome…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-07-11 Johanna Burtscheidt , Matthias Claus

Bilevel optimization and bilevel minimax optimization have recently emerged as unifying frameworks for a range of machine-learning tasks, including hyperparameter optimization and reinforcement learning. The existing literature focuses on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Xuelin Zhang , Peipei Yuan

In this paper, we study a class of bilevel optimization problems, also known as simple bilevel optimization, where we minimize a smooth objective function over the optimal solution set of another convex constrained optimization problem.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-04-25 Ruichen Jiang , Nazanin Abolfazli , Aryan Mokhtari , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani

The mathematical modeling of numerous real-world applications results in hierarchical optimization problems with two decision makers where at least one of them has to solve an optimal control problem of ordinary or partial differential…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-06-20 Patrick Mehlitz , Gerd Wachsmuth
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