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The residual vector quantization (RVQ) technique plays a central role in recent advances in neural audio codecs. These models effectively synthesize high-fidelity audio from a limited number of codes due to the hierarchical structure among…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-24 Hyeongju Kim , Junhyeok Lee , Jacob Morton , Juheon Lee , Jinhyeok Yang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) decouples model capacity from per-token computation, yet their scalability remains limited by the physical dimensions of depth and width. To overcome this, we propose Mixture of Universal Experts (MOUE),a MoE…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Yilong Chen , Naibin Gu , Junyuan Shang , Zhenyu Zhang , Yuchen Feng , Jiawei Sheng , Tingwen Liu , Shuohuan Wang , Yu Sun , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models enable scalable computation and performance in large-scale deep learning but face quantization challenges due to sparse expert activation and dynamic routing. Existing post-training quantization (PTQ) methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zhongqian Fu , Tianyi Zhao , Ning Ding , Xianzhi Yu , Xiaosong Li , Yehui Tang , Yunhe Wang

We propose Chain-of-Experts (CoE), a new Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture that introduces sequential expert communication within each layer. Unlike traditional MoE models, where experts operate independently in parallel, CoE processes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Zihan Wang , Rui Pan , Jiarui Yao , Robert Csordas , Linjie Li , Lu Yin , Jiajun Wu , Tong Zhang , Manling Li , Shiwei Liu

Vector Quantisation (VQ) is experiencing a comeback in machine learning, where it is increasingly used in representation learning. However, optimizing the codevectors in existing VQ-VAE is not entirely trivial. A problem is codebook…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Chuanxia Zheng , Andrea Vedaldi

Vector Quantization (VQ) techniques face significant challenges in codebook utilization, limiting reconstruction fidelity in image modeling. We introduce a Dual Codebook mechanism that effectively addresses this limitation by partitioning…

Learning discrete representations with vector quantization (VQ) has emerged as a powerful approach in various generative models. However, most VQ-based models rely on a single, fixed-rate codebook, requiring extensive retraining for new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Jiwan Seo , Joonhyuk Kang

Vector Quantization (VQ) is a method for discretizing latent representations and has become a major part of the deep learning toolkit. It has been theoretically and empirically shown that discretization of representations leads to improved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Dianbo Liu , Alex Lamb , Xu Ji , Pascal Notsawo , Mike Mozer , Yoshua Bengio , Kenji Kawaguchi

Large Language and Vision Models using a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture pose significant challenges for deployment due to their computational and memory demands. Mixed Precision Quantization assigns different precisions to different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Krishna Teja Chitty-Venkata , Jie Ye , Murali Emani

Vector Quantization (VQ) is a widely used technique in machine learning and data compression, valued for its simplicity and interpretability. Among hard VQ methods, $k$-medoids clustering and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) approaches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Thore Gerlach , Sascha Mücke , Christian Bauckhage

Vector Quantization (VQ) is a well-known technique in deep learning for extracting informative discrete latent representations. VQ-embedded models have shown impressive results in a range of applications including image and speech…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Tanmay Gautam , Reid Pryzant , Ziyi Yang , Chenguang Zhu , Somayeh Sojoudi

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models embody the divide-and-conquer concept and are a promising approach for increasing model capacity, demonstrating excellent scalability across multiple domains. In this paper, we integrate the MoE structure…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Xumeng Han , Longhui Wei , Zhiyang Dou , Zipeng Wang , Chenhui Qiang , Xin He , Yingfei Sun , Zhenjun Han , Qi Tian

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) effectively scales large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs) by increasing capacity through sparse activation. However, preloading all experts into memory and activating multiple experts per…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Wei Huang , Yue Liao , Yukang Chen , Jianhui Liu , Haoru Tan , Si Liu , Shiming Zhang , Shuicheng Yan , Xiaojuan Qi

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Transformer, the backbone architecture of multiple phenomenal language models, leverages sparsity by activating only a fraction of model parameters for each input token. The sparse structure, while allowing constant…

Vector quantization (VQ) is a prevalent and fundamental technique that discretizes continuous feature vectors by approximating them using a codebook. As the diversity and complexity of data and models continue to increase, there is an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Jie Li , Kwan-Yee K. Wong , Kai Han

This paper uses classical high-rate quantization theory to provide new insights into mixture-of-experts (MoE) models for regression tasks. Our MoE is defined by a segmentation of the input space to regions, each with a single-parameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Yehuda Dar

Modern speech systems increasingly use discretized self-supervised speech representations for compression and integration with token-based models, yet their impact on emotional information remains unclear. We study how residual vector…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Haoguang Zhou , Siyi Wang , Jingyao Wu , James Bailey , Ting Dang

Variational autoencoders (VAEs) are fundamental for generative modeling and image reconstruction, yet their performance often struggles to maintain high fidelity in reconstructions. This study introduces a hybrid model, quantum variational…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Farina Riaz , Fakhar Zaman , Hajime Suzuki , Sharif Abuadbba , David Nguyen

In large multimodal models (LMMs), the perception of non-language modalities (e.g., visual representations) is usually not on par with the large language models (LLMs)' powerful reasoning capabilities, deterring LMMs' performance on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Zhongyang Li , Ziyue Li , Tianyi Zhou

Vector quantization (VQ) transforms continuous image features into discrete representations, providing compressed, tokenized inputs for generative models. However, VQ-based frameworks suffer from several issues, such as non-smooth latent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Sicheng Yang , Xing Hu , Qiang Wu , Dawei Yang