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While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning and planning abilities in textual domains and can effectively follow instructions for complex tasks, their ability to understand and manipulate spatial relationships…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Sha Li , Stefano Petrangeli , Yu Shen , Xiang Chen , Naren Ramakrishnan

This paper proposes a novel generative adversarial layout refinement network for automated floorplan generation. Our architecture is an integration of a graph-constrained relational GAN and a conditional GAN, where a previously generated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Nelson Nauata , Sepidehsadat Hosseini , Kai-Hung Chang , Hang Chu , Chin-Yi Cheng , Yasutaka Furukawa

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is essential for evolving Large Language Models (LLMs) into autonomous agents capable of long-horizon planning, yet a practical recipe for scaling RL in complex, multi-turn environments remains elusive. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Xixi Wu , Qianguo Sun , Ruiyang Zhang , Chao Song , Junlong Wu , Yiyan Qi , Hong Cheng

Current data-driven floor plan generation methods often reproduce the ergonomic inefficiencies found in real-world training datasets. To address this, we propose a novel approach that integrates architectural design principles directly into…

Graphics · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Piotr Nieciecki , Aleksander Plocharski , Przemyslaw Musialski

The inherent probabilistic nature of Large Language Models (LLMs) introduces an element of unpredictability, raising concerns about potential discrepancies in their output. This paper introduces an innovative approach aims to generate…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Md Sadman Sakib , Yu Sun

Associative thinking--the ability to connect seemingly unrelated ideas--is a foundational element of human creativity and problem-solving. This paper explores whether reinforcement learning (RL) guided by associative thinking principles can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Mukul Singh , Ananya Singha , Aishni Parab , Pronita Mehrotra , Sumit Gulwani

We introduce a learning framework for automated floorplan generation which combines generative modeling using deep neural networks and user-in-the-loop designs to enable human users to provide sparse design constraints. Such constraints are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-29 Ruizhen Hu , Zeyu Huang , Yuhan Tang , Oliver van Kaick , Hao Zhang , Hui Huang

Floorplans are commonly used to represent the layout of buildings. In computer aided-design (CAD) floorplans are usually represented in the form of hierarchical graph structures. Research works towards computational techniques that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Vahid Azizi , Muhammad Usman , Honglu Zhou , Petros Faloutsos , Mubbasir Kapadia

Large pretrained models are showing increasingly better performance in reasoning and planning tasks across different modalities, opening the possibility to leverage them for complex sequential decision making problems. In this paper, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Martin Klissarov , Devon Hjelm , Alexander Toshev , Bogdan Mazoure

In the architectural design process, floor plan generation is inherently progressive and iterative. However, existing generative models for floor plans are predominantly end-to-end generation that produce an entire pixel-based layout in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Jun Yin , Pengyu Zeng , Jing Zhong , Peilin Li , Miao Zhang , Ran Luo , Shuai Lu

Space layout design (SLD), occurring in the early stages of the design process, nonetheless influences both the functionality and aesthetics of the ultimate architectural outcome. The complexity of SLD necessitates innovative approaches to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Reza Kakooee , Benjamin Dillenburger

Learning to rank (LTR) plays a crucial role in various Information Retrieval (IR) tasks. Although supervised LTR methods based on fine-grained relevance labels (e.g., document-level annotations) have achieved significant success, their…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Yiteng Tu , Zhichao Xu , Tao Yang , Weihang Su , Yujia Zhou , Yiqun Liu , Fen Lin , Qin Liu , Qingyao Ai

With this work, we investigate the use of Reinforcement Learning (RL) for the generation of spatial assemblies, by combining ideas from Procedural Generation algorithms (Wave Function Collapse algorithm (WFC)) and RL for Game Solving. WFC…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-20 Panagiotis Tigas , Tyson Hosmer

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently emerged as a promising framework for improving reasoning abilities in Large Language Models (LLMs). However, policy optimized with binary verification prone to overlook…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jinghao Zhang , Naishan Zheng , Ruilin Li , Dongzhou Cheng , Zheming Liang , Feng Zhao , Jiaqi Wang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been widely used in training large language models (LLMs) for preventing unexpected outputs, eg reducing harmfulness and errors. However, existing RL methods mostly adopt the instance-level reward, which is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Zhipeng Chen , Kun Zhou , Wayne Xin Zhao , Junchen Wan , Fuzheng Zhang , Di Zhang , Ji-Rong Wen

Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle when prompted to generate content under specific constraints. However, in such cases it is often easy to check whether these constraints are satisfied or violated. Recent works have shown that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Liat Bezalel , Eyal Orgad , Amir Globerson

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in hardware design automation, particularly in using natural language to synthesize Register-Transfer Level (RTL) code. Despite this progress, a gap…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Jiahe Shi , Zhengqi Gao , Ching-Yun Ko , Duane Boning

We consider the task of generating designs directly from natural language descriptions, and consider floor plan generation as the initial research area. Language conditional generative models have recently been very successful in generating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Sicong Leng , Yang Zhou , Mohammed Haroon Dupty , Wee Sun Lee , Sam Conrad Joyce , Wei Lu

Reflection is widely recognized as a cornerstone of student development, fostering critical thinking, self-regulation, and deep conceptual understanding. Traditionally, reflective skills have been cultivated through structured feedback,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Bo Yuan , Jiazi Hu

While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at code generation by learning from vast code corpora, a fundamental semantic gap remains between their training on textual patterns and the goal of functional correctness, which is governed by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Xue Jiang , Yihong Dong , Mengyang Liu , Hongyi Deng , Tian Wang , Yongding Tao , Rongyu Cao , Binhua Li , Zhi Jin , Wenpin Jiao , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li , Ge Li