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Large language models (LLMs) are revolutionizing every aspect of society. They are increasingly used in problem-solving tasks to substitute human assessment and reasoning. LLMs are trained on what humans write and are thus exposed to human…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Fengfei Sun , Ningke Li , Kailong Wang , Lorenz Goette

This study delves into the capabilities and limitations of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the challenging domain of conditional question-answering. Utilizing the Conditional Question Answering (CQA) dataset and focusing on generative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Syed-Amad Hussain , Parag Pravin Dakle , SaiKrishna Rallabandi , Preethi Raghavan

As large language models (LLMs) are more frequently used in retrieval-augmented generation pipelines, it is increasingly relevant to study their behavior under knowledge conflicts. Thus far, the role of the source of the retrieved…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Jakob Schuster , Vagrant Gautam , Katja Markert

LLMs can help humans working with long documents, but are known to hallucinate. Attribution can increase trust in LLM responses: The LLM provides evidence that supports its response, which enhances verifiability. Existing approaches to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Jan Buchmann , Xiao Liu , Iryna Gurevych

LLM-as-a-Judge frameworks are increasingly trusted to automate evaluation in place of human experts, yet their reliability in high-stakes medical contexts remains unproven. We stress-test this assumption for detecting incomplete…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Alexandra DeLucia , Heyuan Huang , Sonal Joshi , Mahsa Yarmohammadi , Ahmed Hassoon , Mark Dredze

Large language models perform well on static medical examinations, yet clinical diagnosis often requires iterative evidence gathering under uncertainty. Building on prior interactive evaluation efforts, we introduce an OSCE-inspired…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Chen Zhan , Xihe Qiu , Xiaoyu Tan , Xibing Zhuang , Gengchen Ma , Yue Zhang , Shuo Li , Peifeng Liu , Xiaoxiao Ge , Liang Liu , Lu Gan

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have shown strong multimodal reasoning capabilities on Visual-Question-Answering (VQA) benchmarks. However, their robustness against textual misinformation remains under-explored. While existing research has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Chi Zhang , Wenxuan Ding , Jiale Liu , Mingrui Wu , Qingyun Wu , Ray Mooney

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automatic judges for summarization and dialogue evaluation. Prior work has documented biases such as position, verbosity, and style preferences, but largely focuses on outcomes, leaving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Riya Tapwal , Abhishek Kumar , Carsten Maple

Multi-objective preference alignment in language models often encounters a challenging trade-off: optimizing for one human preference (e.g., helpfulness) frequently compromises others (e.g., harmlessness) due to the inherent conflicts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Zhihao Xu , Yongqi Tong , Xin Zhang , Jun Zhou , Xiting Wang

Multilingual LLMs often have knowledge disparities across languages, with larger gaps in under-resourced languages. Teaching LLMs to abstain in the face of knowledge gaps is thus a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in…

Modality-conflict hallucination occurs when multimodal large language models (MLLMs) prioritize erroneous textual premises over contradictory visual evidence. To understand why visual evidence fails to prevail during generation, we take a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Jinrui Jiang , Zhangtai Wu , Zhen Wu , Xinyu Dai

There is vivid research on adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform a variety of tasks in high-stakes domains such as healthcare. Despite their popularity, there is a lack of understanding of the extent and contributing factors that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Anand Subramanian , Viktor Schlegel , Abhinav Ramesh Kashyap , Thanh-Tung Nguyen , Vijay Prakash Dwivedi , Stefan Winkler

Despite the advanced capabilities of large language models (LLMs), their temporal reasoning ability remains underdeveloped. Prior works have highlighted this limitation, particularly in maintaining temporal consistency when understanding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Jongho Kim , Seung-won Hwang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in decision-support systems for high-stakes domains such as hiring and university admissions, where choices often involve selecting among competing alternatives. While prior work has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Haonan Yin , Shai Vardi , Vidyanand Choudhary

Despite demonstrating impressive capabilities, Large Language Models (LLMs) still often struggle to accurately express the factual knowledge they possess, especially in cases where the LLMs' knowledge boundaries are ambiguous. To improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Boyang Xue , Fei Mi , Qi Zhu , Hongru Wang , Rui Wang , Sheng Wang , Erxin Yu , Xuming Hu , Kam-Fai Wong

Confirmation bias, the tendency to seek evidence that supports rather than challenges one's belief, hinders one's reasoning ability. We examine whether large language models (LLMs) exhibit confirmation bias by adapting the rule-discovery…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Ayush Rajesh Jhaveri , Anthony GX-Chen , Ilia Sucholutsky , Eunsol Choi

The growing capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) show significant potential to enhance healthcare by assisting medical researchers and physicians. However, their reliance on static training data is a major risk when medical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Juraj Vladika , Mahdi Dhaini , Florian Matthes

Mitigating hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs) is critical for their reliable deployment. Existing methods typically fine-tune LLMs to abstain from answering questions beyond their knowledge scope. However, these methods often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Hao An , Yang Xu

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) excel at captioning, visual question answering, and robotics by combining vision and language, yet they often miss obvious objects or hallucinate nonexistent ones in atypical scenes. We examine these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Zhaoyang Li , Zhan Ling , Yuchen Zhou , Litian Gong , Erdem Bıyık , Hao Su

The development of LLMs has greatly enhanced the intelligence and fluency of question answering, while the emergence of retrieval enhancement has enabled models to better utilize external information. However, the presence of noise and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Xingyun Hong , Yan Shao , Zhilin Wang , Manni Duan , Jin Xiongnan