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In many healthcare settings, it is both critical to consider fairness when building analytical applications but also uniquely unacceptable to lower model performance for one group to match that of another (e.g. fairness cannot be achieved…

Applications · Statistics 2025-01-23 Daniel Smolyak , Courtney Paulson , Margrét V. Bjarnadóttir

A variety of statistical and machine learning methods are used to model crash frequency on specific roadways with machine learning methods generally having a higher prediction accuracy. Recently, heterogeneous ensemble methods (HEM),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-25 Numan Ahmad , Behram Wali , Asad J. Khattak

Bias in training datasets must be managed for various groups in classification tasks to ensure parity or equal treatment. With the recent growth in artificial intelligence models and their expanding role in automated decision-making,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Mehdi Yazdani-Jahromi , AmirArsalan Rajabi , Ali Khodabandeh Yalabadi , Aida Tayebi , Ozlem Ozmen Garibay

Safety alignment incurs safety tax that perturbs a large reasoning model's (LRM) general reasoning ability. Existing datasets used for safety alignment for an LRM are usually constructed by distilling safety reasoning traces and answers…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yingsha Xie , Tiansheng Huang , Enneng Yang , Rui Min , Wenjie Lu , Xiaochun Cao , Naiqiang Tan , Li Shen

Society increasingly relies on machine learning models for automated decision making. Yet, efficiency gains from automation have come paired with concern for algorithmic discrimination that can systematize inequality. Recent work has…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-11-08 Alejandro Noriega-Campero , Michiel A. Bakker , Bernardo Garcia-Bulle , Alex Pentland

Record matching models typically output a real-valued matching score that is later consumed through thresholding, ranking, or human review. While fairness in record matching has mostly been assessed using binary decisions at a fixed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Mohammad Hossein Moslemi , Mostafa Milani

Fairness-aware learning aims to mitigate discrimination against specific protected social groups (e.g., those categorized by gender, ethnicity, age) while minimizing predictive performance loss. Despite efforts to improve fairness in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Kewen Peng , Yicheng Yang , Hao Zhuo

A significant hurdle for current LLMs is the execution of complex, multi-stage tasks. Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has been emerging as a leading choice, but its reliance on sparse outcome rewards severely limits credit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Wonjoong Kim , Yeonjun In , Sangwu Park , Dongha Lee , Chanyoung Park

Due to the inherent imbalance in real-world datasets, na\"ive Empirical Risk Minimization (ERM) tends to bias the learning process towards the majority classes, hindering generalization to minority classes. To rebalance the learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Zitai Wang , Qianqian Xu , Zhiyong Yang , Zhikang Xu , Linchao Zhang , Xiaochun Cao , Qingming Huang

Reliable usage of object detectors require them to be calibrated -- a crucial problem that requires careful attention. Recent approaches towards this involve (1) designing new loss functions to obtain calibrated detectors by training them…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Selim Kuzucu , Kemal Oksuz , Jonathan Sadeghi , Puneet K. Dokania

Deployed reinforcement learning agents often face safety requirements that are specified only after training, such as new hazard maps, revised risk thresholds, or behavioral alignment constraints. We study zero-update deployment-time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Mohamad Fares El Hajj Chehade , Amrit Singh Bedi , Amy Zhang , Hao Zhu

Traditional approaches to ensure group fairness in algorithmic decision making aim to equalize ``total'' error rates for different subgroups in the population. In contrast, we argue that the fairness approaches should instead focus only on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Junaid Ali , Preethi Lahoti , Krishna P. Gummadi

This paper presents a comprehensive hazard analysis, risk assessment, and loss evaluation for an Evasive Minimum Risk Maneuvering (EMRM) system designed for autonomous vehicles. The EMRM system is engineered to enhance collision avoidance…

Screening classifiers are increasingly used to identify qualified candidates in a variety of selection processes. In this context, it has been recently shown that, if a classifier is calibrated, one can identify the smallest set of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Nastaran Okati , Stratis Tsirtsis , Manuel Gomez Rodriguez

The Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) is a key metric for classification, especially under class imbalance, with growing research focus on optimizing AUC over accuracy in applications like medical image analysis and deepfake detection. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Mingyang Wu , Li Lin , Wenbin Zhang , Xin Wang , Zhenhuan Yang , Shu Hu

The deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) in high-stakes medical settings poses a critical AI alignment challenge, as models can inherit and amplify societal biases, leading to significant disparities. Existing fairness evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Shreyash Adappanavar , Krithi Shailya , Gokul S Krishnan , Sriraam Natarajan , Balaraman Ravindran

We propose a unified class of calibration weighting methods based on weighted generalized entropy to handle missing at random (MAR) data with improved stability and efficiency. The proposed generalized entropy calibration (GEC) formulates…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-07 Yonghyun Kwon , Jae Kwang Kim , Yumou Qiu

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) systems now reach near human agreement on some public benchmarks, yet real-world adoption, especially in high-stakes examinations, remains limited. A principal obstacle is that most models output a single score…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Ahmed Karim , Qiao Wang , Zheng Yuan

PAC learning, dating back to Valiant'84 and Vapnik and Chervonenkis'64,'74, is a classic model for studying supervised learning. In the agnostic setting, we have access to a hypothesis set $\mathcal{H}$ and a training set of labeled samples…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Steve Hanneke , Kasper Green Larsen , Nikita Zhivotovskiy

As artificial intelligence plays an increasingly substantial role in decisions affecting humans and society, the accountability of automated decision systems has been receiving increasing attention from researchers and practitioners.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Furkan Gursoy , Ioannis A. Kakadiaris