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Despite the significant progress of fully-supervised video captioning, zero-shot methods remain much less explored. In this paper, we propose a novel zero-shot video captioning framework named Retrieval-Enhanced Test-Time Adaptation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Yunchuan Ma , Laiyun Qing , Guorong Li , Yuankai Qi , Amin Beheshti , Quan Z. Sheng , Qingming Huang

Reentrancy remains one of the most critical classes of vulnerabilities in Ethereum smart contracts, yet widely used detection tools and datasets continue to reflect outdated patterns and obsolete Solidity versions. This paper adopts a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Dalila Ressi , Alvise Spanò , Matteo Rizzo , Lorenzo Benetollo , Sabina Rossi

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) such as CLIP achieve strong zero-shot recognition by comparing image embeddings to text-derived class prototypes. However, under domain shift, they suffer from feature drift, class-prior mismatch, and severe…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Byunghyun Kim

Deploying models on target domain data subject to distribution shift requires adaptation. Test-time training (TTT) emerges as a solution to this adaptation under a realistic scenario where access to full source domain data is not available,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Yongyi Su , Xun Xu , Tianrui Li , Kui Jia

Robust topology optimization (RTO) improves the robustness of designs with respect to random sources in real-world structures, yet an accurate sensitivity analysis requires the solution of many systems of equations at each optimization…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Weichen Li , Xiaojia Shelly Zhang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is the problem of updating a pre-trained source model at inference time given test input(s) from a different target domain. Most existing TTA approaches assume the setting in which the target domain is stationary,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Dhanajit Brahma , Piyush Rai

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) seeks to adapt source pre-trained models to continually changing, unseen target domains. While existing CTTA methods assume structured domain changes with uniform durations, real-world environments…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Yunbei Zhang , Akshay Mehra , Shuaicheng Niu , Jihun Hamm

In zero-shot setting, test-time adaptation adjusts pre-trained models using unlabeled data from the test phase to enhance performance on unknown test distributions. Existing cache-enhanced TTA methods rely on a low-entropy criterion to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Xinyu Chen , Haotian Zhai , Can Zhang , Xiupeng Shi , Ruirui Li

Continual test-time adaptation aims to continuously adapt a pre-trained model to a stream of target domain data without accessing source data. Without access to source domain data, the model focuses solely on the feature characteristics of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Wenting Yin , Han Sun , Xinru Meng , Ningzhong Liu , Huiyu Zhou

Continual adaptation to domain shifts at test time (CTTA) is crucial for enhancing the intelligence of deep learning enabled IoT applications. However, prevailing TTA methods, which typically update all batch normalization (BN) layers,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Youbing Hu , Yun Cheng , Zimu Zhou , Anqi Lu , Zhiqiang Cao , Zhijun Li

Deep neural networks often degrade under distribution shifts. Although domain adaptation offers a solution, privacy constraints often prevent access to source data, making Test-Time Adaptation (TTA, which adapts using only unlabeled test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Linjing You , Jiabao Lu , Xiayuan Huang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) enhances the zero-shot robustness under distribution shifts by leveraging unlabeled test data during inference. Despite notable advances, several challenges still limit its broader applicability. First, most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Youjia Zhang , Youngeun Kim , Young-Geun Choi , Hongyeob Kim , Huiling Liu , Sungeun Hong

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) offers a practical solution for deploying image segmentation models under domain shift without accessing source data or retraining. Among existing TTA strategies, pseudo-label-based methods have shown promising…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jianghao Wu , Xiangde Luo , Yubo Zhou , Lianming Wu , Guotai Wang , Shaoting Zhang

Large-scale Vision-Language Models (VLMs) exhibit strong zero-shot recognition, yet their real-world deployment is challenged by distribution shifts. While Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) can mitigate this, existing VLM-based TTA methods operate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Wei Luo , Yangfan Ou , Jin Deng , Zeshuai Deng , Xiquan Yan , Zhiquan Wen , Mingkui Tan

A composite source, consisting of multiple subsources and a memoryless switch, outputs one symbol at a time from the subsource selected by the switch. If some data should be encoded more accurately than other data from an information…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Jiakun Liu , H. Vincent Poor , Iickho Song , Wenyi Zhang

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are deployed in more and more classification systems, but adversarial samples can be maliciously crafted to trick them, and are becoming a real threat. There have been various proposals to improve CNNs'…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Ilia Shumailov , Yiren Zhao , Robert Mullins , Ross Anderson

In real-world applications, there is often a domain shift from training to test data. This observation resulted in the development of test-time adaptation (TTA). It aims to adapt a pre-trained source model to the test data without requiring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Pascal Schlachter , Bin Yang

We present a novel approach for test-time adaptation via online self-training, consisting of two components. First, we introduce a statistical framework that detects distribution shifts in the classifier's entropy values obtained on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Yarin Bar , Shalev Shaer , Yaniv Romano

In Sequential Recommendation Systems (SRecsys), traditional training approaches that rely on Cross-Entropy (CE) loss often prioritize accuracy but fail to align well with user satisfaction metrics. CE loss focuses on maximizing the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Chen Wang , Fangxin Wang , Ruocheng Guo , Yueqing Liang , Philip S. Yu

Embedded, smart, and IoT devices are increasingly popular in numerous everyday settings. Since lower-end devices have the most strict cost constraints, they tend to have few, if any, security features. This makes them attractive targets for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Sashidhar Jakkamsetti , Youngil Kim , Andrew Searles , Gene Tsudik