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Real-world application models are commonly deployed in dynamic environments, where the target domain distribution undergoes temporal changes. Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) has recently emerged as a promising technique to gradually…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Shilei Cao , Juepeng Zheng , Yan Liu , Baoquan Zhao , Ziqi Yuan , Weijia Li , Runmin Dong , Haohuan Fu

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) task investigates effective domain adaptation under the scenario of continuous domain shifts during testing time. Due to the utilization of solely unlabeled samples, there exists significant uncertainty…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Fan Lyu , Kaile Du , Yuyang Li , Hanyu Zhao , Fuyuan Hu , Zhang Zhang , Guangcan Liu , Liang Wang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) enables neural forecasters to adapt to distribution shifts in streaming time series, but existing methods apply the same adaptation intensity regardless of the nature of the shift. We propose Regime-Guided…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Indar Kumar , Akanksha Tiwari , Sai Krishna Jasti , Ankit Hemant Lade

Adapting a trained model to perform satisfactorily on continually changing testing domains/environments is an important and challenging task. In this work, we propose a novel framework, SATA, which aims to satisfy the following…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Goirik Chakrabarty , Manogna Sreenivas , Soma Biswas

Wild Test-Time Adaptation (WTTA) is proposed to adapt a source model to unseen domains under extreme data scarcity and multiple shifts. Previous approaches mainly focused on sample selection strategies, while overlooking the fundamental…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Zixuan Hu , Yichun Hu , Xiaotong Li , Shixiang Tang , Ling-Yu Duan

Test-time adaptation (TTA) seeks to tackle potential distribution shifts between training and test data by adapting a given model w.r.t. any test sample. Although recent TTA has shown promising performance, we still face two key challenges:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Mingkui Tan , Guohao Chen , Jiaxiang Wu , Yifan Zhang , Yaofo Chen , Peilin Zhao , Shuaicheng Niu

Vision-language models (VLMs) exhibit remarkable zero-shot generalization but suffer performance degradation under distribution shifts in downstream tasks, particularly in the absence of labeled data. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Khanh-Binh Nguyen , Phuoc-Nguyen Bui , Hyunseung Choo , Duc Thanh Nguyen

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) aims to adapt the source model to continually changing unlabeled target domains without access to the source data. Existing methods mainly focus on model-based adaptation in a self-training manner, such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Yulu Gan , Yan Bai , Yihang Lou , Xianzheng Ma , Renrui Zhang , Nian Shi , Lin Luo

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) involves adapting a pre-trained source model to continually changing unsupervised target domains. In this paper, we systematically analyze the challenges of this task: online environment, unsupervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Zhilin Zhu , Xiaopeng Hong , Zhiheng Ma , Weijun Zhuang , Yaohui Ma , Yong Dai , Yaowei Wang

Open-set test-time adaptation (OSTTA) addresses the challenge of adapting models to new environments where out-of-distribution (OOD) samples coexist with in-distribution (ID) samples affected by distribution shifts. In such settings,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Wenjie Zhao , Jia Li , Xin Dong , Yapeng Tian , Yu Xiang , Yunhui Guo

Test-time domain adaptation effectively adjusts the source domain model to accommodate unseen domain shifts in a target domain during inference. However, the model performance can be significantly impaired by continuous distribution changes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Xingzhi Zhou , Zhiliang Tian , Ka Chun Cheung , Simon See , Nevin L. Zhang

Machine learning models must continuously self-adjust themselves for novel data distribution in the open world. As the predominant principle, entropy minimization (EM) has been proven to be a simple yet effective cornerstone in existing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-16 Qingyang Zhang , Yatao Bian , Xinke Kong , Peilin Zhao , Changqing Zhang

Deep neural networks often suffer performance degradation upon deployment due to distribution shifts. Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) aims to address this issue in an unsupervised manner. However, existing methods that rely on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Xiao Chen , Jiazhen Huang , Zhiming Liu , Qinting Jiang , Fanding Huang , Jingyan Jiang , Zhi Wang

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) aims to enable models to adapt online to unlabeled data streams under distribution shift without accessing source data. Existing CTTA methods face an efficiency-generalization trade-off: updating more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Guannan Lai , Da-Wei Zhou , Zhenguo Li , Han-Jia Ye

A model must adapt itself to generalize to new and different data during testing. In this setting of fully test-time adaptation the model has only the test data and its own parameters. We propose to adapt by test entropy minimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-19 Dequan Wang , Evan Shelhamer , Shaoteng Liu , Bruno Olshausen , Trevor Darrell

When continual test-time adaptation (TTA) persists over the long term, errors accumulate in the model and further cause it to predict only a few classes for all inputs, a phenomenon known as model collapse. Recent studies have explored…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Taejun Lim , Joong-Won Hwang , Kibok Lee

Test-time adaptation (TTA) intends to adapt the pretrained model to test distributions with only unlabeled test data streams. Most of the previous TTA methods have achieved great success on simple test data streams such as independently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Longhui Yuan , Binhui Xie , Shuang Li

Test-time adaptation (TTA) seeks to tackle potential distribution shifts between training and testing data by adapting a given model w.r.t. any testing sample. This task is particularly important for deep models when the test environment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Shuaicheng Niu , Jiaxiang Wu , Yifan Zhang , Yaofo Chen , Shijian Zheng , Peilin Zhao , Mingkui Tan

A local specialist LLM, fine-tuned with reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR) on operator-local data, is installed in a regulated organization with per-deployment error budget $\alpha$. The operator needs a safety…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Hamed Khosravi , Xiaoming Huo

This paper presents a simple yet effective approach that improves continual test-time adaptation (TTA) in a memory-efficient manner. TTA may primarily be conducted on edge devices with limited memory, so reducing memory is crucial but has…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Junha Song , Jungsoo Lee , In So Kweon , Sungha Choi