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With the rapid development of deep learning technologies, the field of machine translation has witnessed significant progress, especially with the advent of large language models (LLMs) that have greatly propelled the advancement of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Jiaxin GUO , Xiaoyu Chen , Zhiqiang Rao , Jinlong Yang , Zongyao Li , Hengchao Shang , Daimeng Wei , Hao Yang

Post-editing machine translation (MT) for creative texts, such as literature, requires balancing efficiency with the preservation of creativity and style. While neural MT systems struggle with these challenges, large language models (LLMs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Antonio Castaldo , Sheila Castilho , Joss Moorkens , Johanna Monti

Evaluating Natural Language Generation (NLG) is crucial for the practical adoption of AI, but has been a longstanding research challenge. While human evaluation is considered the de-facto standard, it is expensive and lacks scalability.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Maria Paz Oliva , Adriana Correia , Ivan Vankov , Viktor Botev

Automatic systems are increasingly used to assess the originality of responses in creative tasks. They offer a potential solution to key limitations of human assessment (cost, fatigue, and subjectivity), but there is preliminary evidence of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Umberto Domanti , Moritz Mock , Sergio Agnoli , Antonella De Angeli

Creativity evaluation remains a challenging frontier for large language models (LLMs). Current evaluations heavily rely on inefficient and costly human judgments, hindering progress in enhancing machine creativity. While automated methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Qian Cao , Xiting Wang , Yuzhuo Yuan , Yahui Liu , Fang Luo , Ruihua Song

This paper investigates whether large language models (LLMs) show agreement in assessing creativity in responses to the Alternative Uses Test (AUT). While LLMs are increasingly used to evaluate creative content, previous studies have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Abdullah Al Rabeyah , Fabrício Góes , Marco Volpe , Talles Medeiros

In the field of natural language processing, the rapid development of large language model (LLM) has attracted more and more attention. LLMs have shown a high level of creativity in various tasks, but the methods for assessing such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Yunpu Zhao , Rui Zhang , Wenyi Li , Di Huang , Jiaming Guo , Shaohui Peng , Yifan Hao , Yuanbo Wen , Xing Hu , Zidong Du , Qi Guo , Ling Li , Yunji Chen

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for creative tasks such as literary translation. Yet translational creativity remains underexplored and is rarely evaluated at scale, while source-text comprehension is typically studied in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ran Zhang , Steffen Eger , Arda Tezcan , Wei Zhao , Simone Paolo Ponzetto , Lieve Macken

Recent research has focused on literary machine translation (MT) as a new challenge in MT. However, the evaluation of literary MT remains an open problem. We contribute to this ongoing discussion by introducing LITEVAL-CORPUS, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Ran Zhang , Wei Zhao , Steffen Eger

We examine, analyze, and compare four representative creativity measures--perplexity, LLM-as-a-Judge, the Creativity Index (CI; measuring n-gram overlap with web corpora), and syntactic templates (detecting repetition of common…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Li-Chun Lu , Miri Liu , Pin-Chun Lu , Yufei Tian , Shao-Hua Sun , Nanyun Peng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have excelled at language understanding and generating human-level text. However, even with supervised training and human alignment, these LLMs are susceptible to adversarial attacks where malicious users can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Shachi H Kumar , Saurav Sahay , Sahisnu Mazumder , Eda Okur , Ramesh Manuvinakurike , Nicole Beckage , Hsuan Su , Hung-yi Lee , Lama Nachman

The recent surge of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to claims that they are approaching a level of creativity akin to human capabilities. This idea has sparked a blend of excitement and apprehension. However, a critical piece that has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Antoine Bellemare-Pepin , François Lespinasse , Philipp Thölke , Yann Harel , Kory Mathewson , Jay A. Olson , Yoshua Bengio , Karim Jerbi

Large language models (LLMs) are evolving fast and are now frequently used as evaluators, in a process typically referred to as LLM-as-a-Judge, which provides quality assessments of model outputs. However, recent research points out…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Hugo Silva , Mateus Mendes , Hugo Gonçalo Oliveira

Although capable of generating creative text, Large Language Models (LLMs) are poor judges of what constitutes "creativity". In this work, we show that we can leverage this knowledge of how to write creatively in order to better judge what…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Matthew Lyle Olson , Neale Ratzlaff , Musashi Hinck , Shao-yen Tseng , Vasudev Lal

The impact of Large Language Models (LLMs) has extended into literary domains. However, existing evaluation metrics for literature prioritize mechanical accuracy over artistic expression and tend to overrate machine translation as being…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Ran Zhang , Wei Zhao , Lieve Macken , Steffen Eger

This paper assesses the potential for large language models (LLMs) to serve as assistive tools in the creative writing process, by means of a single, in-depth case study. In the course of the study, we develop interactive and multi-voice…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Murray Shanahan , Catherine Clarke

Foundation models are increasingly used in scientific research, but evaluating AI-generated scientific work remains challenging. While expert reviews are costly, large language models (LLMs) as proxy reviewers have proven to be unreliable.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Niklas Höpner , Leon Eshuijs , Dimitrios Alivanistos , Giacomo Zamprogno , Ilaria Tiddi

Evaluation of large language model (LLM) outputs requires users to make critical judgments about the best outputs across various configurations. This process is costly and takes time given the large amounts of data. LLMs are increasingly…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to creative domains, yet their performance in classical Chinese poetry generation and evaluation remains poorly understood. We propose a three-step evaluation framework that combines…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Bolei Ma , Yina Yao , Anna-Carolina Haensch

Story-writing is a fundamental aspect of human imagination, relying heavily on creativity to produce narratives that are novel, effective, and surprising. While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the ability to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Mete Ismayilzada , Claire Stevenson , Lonneke van der Plas
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