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Despite intensive efforts devoted to tool learning, the problem of budget-constrained tool learning, which focuses on resolving user queries within a specific budget constraint, has been widely overlooked. This paper proposes a novel method…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Yuanhang Zheng , Peng Li , Ming Yan , Ji Zhang , Fei Huang , Yang Liu

Contemporary large language models (LLMs) may have utility for processing unstructured, narrative free-text clinical data contained in electronic health records (EHRs) -- a particularly important use-case for mental health where a majority…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Niall Taylor , Andrey Kormilitzin , Isabelle Lorge , Alejo Nevado-Holgado , Dan W Joyce

Significant advancements have occurred in the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) for social simulations. Despite this, their abilities to perform teaming in task-oriented social events are underexplored. Such capabilities are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Yuan Li , Lichao Sun , Yixuan Zhang

Human intelligence involves metacognitive abilities like self-regulation, recognizing limitations, and seeking assistance only when needed. While LLM Agents excel in many domains, they often lack this awareness. Overconfident agents risk…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-10 So Yeon Min , Yue Wu , Jimin Sun , Max Kaufmann , Fahim Tajwar , Yonatan Bisk , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

Combining diverse foundation models is promising, but weight-merging is limited by mismatched architectures and closed APIs. Trinity addresses this with a lightweight coordinator that orchestrates collaboration among large language models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Jinglue Xu , Qi Sun , Peter Schwendeman , Stefan Nielsen , Edoardo Cetin , Yujin Tang

The remarkable instruction-following capability of large language models (LLMs) has sparked a growing interest in automatically finding good prompts, i.e., prompt optimization. Most existing works follow the scheme of selecting from a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-03 Chengshuai Shi , Kun Yang , Zihan Chen , Jundong Li , Jing Yang , Cong Shen

In difficult decision-making scenarios, it is common to have conflicting opinions among expert human decision-makers as there may not be a single right answer. Such decisions may be guided by different attributes that can be used to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Brian Hu , Bill Ray , Alice Leung , Amy Summerville , David Joy , Christopher Funk , Arslan Basharat

This position paper argues for metacognition as a general design principle for creating more accurate, secure, and efficient AI. The metacognitive solution involves systems monitoring their own states and judiciously allocating resources…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Sergei Chuprov , Richard D. Lange , Leon Reznik , Paulo Shakarian , Raman Zatsarenko , Dmitrii Korobeinikov

As large language models (LLMs) transition into autonomous agents integrated with extensive tool ecosystems, traditional routing heuristics increasingly succumb to context pollution and "overthinking". We argue that the bottleneck is not a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Eren Unlu

Recently, a new wave of thinking-capable Large Language Models has emerged, demonstrating exceptional capabilities across a wide range of reasoning benchmarks. Early studies have begun to explore how the amount of compute in terms of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Ignacio Iacobacci , Zhaozhi Qian , Faroq AL-Tam , Muhammad AL-Qurishi , Riad Souissi

Large language model (LLM) routers improve the efficiency of multi-model systems by directing each query to the most appropriate model while leveraging the diverse strengths of heterogeneous LLMs. Most existing approaches frame routing as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Canbin Huang , Tianyuan Shi , Yuhua Zhu , Ruijun Chen , Xiaojun Quan

Knowledge-grounded dialogue generation is a challenging task because it requires satisfying two fundamental yet often competing constraints: being responsive in a manner that is specific to what the conversation partner has said while also…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Kushal Chawla , Hannah Rashkin , Gaurav Singh Tomar , David Reitter

Translation-based prompting is widely used in multilingual LLMs, yet its effectiveness varies across languages and tasks. We evaluate prompting strategies across ten languages of different resource levels and four benchmarks. Our analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Wei-Chi Wu , Sheng-Lun Wei , Hen-Hsen Huang , Hsin-Hsi Chen

The evolution of large language models (LLMs) has enhanced the planning capabilities of language agents in diverse real-world scenarios. Despite these advancements, the potential of LLM-powered agents to comprehend ambiguous user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Xuan Zhang , Yang Deng , Zifeng Ren , See-Kiong Ng , Tat-Seng Chua

Large Language Models (LLMs) hold promise in automating data analysis tasks, yet open-source models face significant limitations in these kinds of reasoning-intensive scenarios. In this work, we investigate strategies to enhance the data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Yuqi Zhu , Yi Zhong , Jintian Zhang , Ziheng Zhang , Shuofei Qiao , Yujie Luo , Lun Du , Da Zheng , Ningyu Zhang , Huajun Chen

Efficient LLM inference research has largely focused on reducing the cost of each decoding step (e.g., using quantization, pruning, or sparse attention), typically applying a uniform computation budget to every generated token. In practice,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yash Akhauri , Mohamed S. Abdelfattah

Composing language models (LMs) into multi-step language programs and automatically optimizing their modular prompts is now a mainstream paradigm for building AI systems, but the tradeoffs in this space have only scarcely been studied…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Shangyin Tan , Lakshya A Agrawal , Arnav Singhvi , Liheng Lai , Michael J Ryan , Dan Klein , Omar Khattab , Koushik Sen , Matei Zaharia

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) with varying computational costs and performance profiles presents a critical challenge for scalable, cost-effective deployment in real-world applications. We introduce a unified routing…

This paper shows how agents' choice in communicative action can be designed to mitigate the effect of their resource limits in the context of particular features of a collaborative planning task. I first motivate a number of hypotheses…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Marilyn A. Walker

The reasoning capabilities of LLM (Large Language Model) are widely acknowledged in recent research, inspiring studies on tool learning and autonomous agents. LLM serves as the "brain" of the agent, orchestrating multiple tools for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Xiangyan Liu , Rongxue Li , Wei Ji , Tao Lin
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