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The core of knowledge distillation lies in transferring the teacher's rich 'dark knowledge'-subtle probabilistic patterns that reveal how classes are related and the distribution of uncertainties. While this idea is well established,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jeonghyun Kim , SooKyung Kim , Richeng Xuan , Hyunsoo Cho

Leading open-source large language models (LLMs) such as Llama-3.1-Instruct-405B are extremely capable at generating text, answering questions, and solving a variety of natural language understanding tasks. However, they incur higher…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Anup Shirgaonkar , Nikhil Pandey , Nazmiye Ceren Abay , Tolga Aktas , Vijay Aski

Knowledge distillation (KD) has received much attention due to its success in compressing networks to allow for their deployment in resource-constrained systems. While the problem of adversarial robustness has been studied before in the KD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-14 Tom A. Lamb , Rudy Brunel , Krishnamurthy DJ Dvijotham , M. Pawan Kumar , Philip H. S. Torr , Francisco Eiras

Knowledge distillation (KD) is essentially a process of transferring a teacher model's behavior, e.g., network response, to a student model. The network response serves as additional supervision to formulate the machine domain, which uses…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Yulei Niu , Long Chen , Chang Zhou , Hanwang Zhang

Knowledge distillation is a technique used to train a small student network using the output generated by a large teacher network, and has many empirical advantages~\citep{Hinton2015DistillingTK}. While the standard one-shot approach to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Shivam Gupta , Sushrut Karmalkar

With the success of deep neural networks, knowledge distillation which guides the learning of a small student network from a large teacher network is being actively studied for model compression and transfer learning. However, few studies…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Wonchul Son , Jaemin Na , Junyong Choi , Wonjun Hwang

Recent recommender systems have shown remarkable performance by using an ensemble of heterogeneous models. However, it is exceedingly costly because it requires resources and inference latency proportional to the number of models, which…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-03-03 SeongKu Kang , Wonbin Kweon , Dongha Lee , Jianxun Lian , Xing Xie , Hwanjo Yu

Knowledge distillation is to transfer the knowledge from the data learned by the teacher network to the student network, so that the student has the advantage of less parameters and less calculations, and the accuracy is close to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-03 Zaida Zhou , Chaoran Zhuge , Xinwei Guan , Wen Liu

In the era of large scale pretrained models, Knowledge Distillation (KD) serves an important role in transferring the wisdom of computationally heavy teacher models to lightweight, efficient student models while preserving performance.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Alex Wilf , Alex Tianyi Xu , Paul Pu Liang , Alexander Obolenskiy , Daniel Fried , Louis-Philippe Morency

Existing Knowledge Distillation (KD) methods often align feature information between teacher and student by exploring meaningful feature processing and loss functions. However, due to the difference in feature distributions between the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yu Wang , Chuanguang Yang , Zhulin An , Weilun Feng , Jiarui Zhao , Chengqing Yu , Libo Huang , Boyu Diao , Yongjun Xu

Knowledge distillation (KD) has been proven to be a simple and effective tool for training compact models. Almost all KD variants for dense prediction tasks align the student and teacher networks' feature maps in the spatial domain,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-30 Changyong Shu , Yifan Liu , Jianfei Gao , Zheng Yan , Chunhua Shen

Knowledge distillation (KD) is a substantial strategy for transferring learned knowledge from one neural network model to another. A vast number of methods have been developed for this strategy. While most method designs a more efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Yen-Chang Hsu , James Smith , Yilin Shen , Zsolt Kira , Hongxia Jin

Recent advances in deep learning has lead to rapid developments in the field of image retrieval. However, the best performing architectures incur significant computational cost. Recent approaches tackle this issue using knowledge…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Zakaria Laskar , Juho Kannala

Knowledge distillation (KD) is an effective model compression technique where a compact student network is taught to mimic the behavior of a complex and highly trained teacher network. In contrast, Mutual Learning (ML) provides an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-25 Usma Niyaz , Deepti R. Bathula

Knowledge distillation is considered a compression mechanism when judged on the resulting student's accuracy and loss, yet its functional impact is poorly understood. We quantify the compression capacity of knowledge distillation and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Israel Mason-Williams , Gabryel Mason-Williams , Helen Yannakoudakis

The concept of knowledge distillation (KD) describes the training of a student model from a teacher model and is a widely adopted technique in deep learning. However, it is still not clear how and why distillation works. Previous studies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Giulia Lanzillotta , Felix Sarnthein , Gil Kur , Thomas Hofmann , Bobby He

Top-performing machine learning systems, such as deep neural networks, large ensembles and complex probabilistic graphical models, can be expensive to store, slow to evaluate and hard to integrate into larger systems. Ideally, we would like…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-10-09 George Papamakarios

Knowledge distillation is an effective approach to leverage a well-trained network or an ensemble of them, named as the teacher, to guide the training of a student network. The outputs from the teacher network are used as soft labels for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Helong Zhou , Liangchen Song , Jiajie Chen , Ye Zhou , Guoli Wang , Junsong Yuan , Qian Zhang

Knowledge distillation (KD) is a well-known method to reduce inference latency by compressing a cumbersome teacher model to a small student model. Despite the success of KD in the classification task, applying KD to recommender models is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Jae-woong Lee , Minjin Choi , Jongwuk Lee , Hyunjung Shim

Standard Knowledge Distillation (KD) compresses Large Language Models (LLMs) by optimizing final outputs, yet it typically treats the teacher's intermediate layer's thought process as a black box. While feature-based distillation attempts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Manish Dhakal , Uthman Jinadu , Anjila Budathoki , Rajshekhar Sunderraman , Yi Ding