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The exponential growth of Large Language Models (LLMs) continues to highlight the need for efficient strategies to meet ever-expanding computational and data demands. This survey provides a comprehensive analysis of two complementary…

Knowledge distillation is a popular approach for enhancing the performance of ''student'' models, with lower representational capacity, by taking advantage of more powerful ''teacher'' models. Despite its apparent simplicity and widespread…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Mher Safaryan , Alexandra Peste , Dan Alistarh

Large language models (LMs) beyond a certain scale, demonstrate the emergent capability of generating free-text rationales for their predictions via chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting. While CoT can yield dramatically improved performance,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Peifeng Wang , Zhengyang Wang , Zheng Li , Yifan Gao , Bing Yin , Xiang Ren

Causal language models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, but their size poses significant challenges for deployment in resource-constrained environments. Knowledge distillation, a widely-used technique for transferring knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Makoto Shing , Kou Misaki , Han Bao , Sho Yokoi , Takuya Akiba

Small Language Models (SLMs) are attractive for cost-sensitive and resource-limited settings due to their efficient, low-latency inference. However, they often struggle with complex, knowledge-intensive tasks that require structured…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Shaoxiong Yang , Junting Li , Mengyuan Zhang , Chao Li , Wei Liu , Jian Luan

The deployment and application of Large Language Models (LLMs) is hindered by their memory inefficiency, computational demands, and the high costs of API inferences. Traditional distillation methods, which transfer the capabilities of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Yifei Zhang , Bo Pan , Chen Ling , Yuntong Hu , Liang Zhao

We propose ClassroomKD, a novel multi-mentor knowledge distillation framework inspired by classroom environments to enhance knowledge transfer between the student and multiple mentors with different knowledge levels. Unlike traditional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Shalini Sarode , Muhammad Saif Ullah Khan , Tahira Shehzadi , Didier Stricker , Muhammad Zeshan Afzal

Despite the advanced intelligence abilities of large language models (LLMs) in various applications, they still face significant computational and storage demands. Knowledge Distillation (KD) has emerged as an effective strategy to improve…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising performance in knowledge-intensive reasoning tasks that require a compound understanding of knowledge. However, deployment of the LLMs in real-world applications can be challenging due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Minki Kang , Seanie Lee , Jinheon Baek , Kenji Kawaguchi , Sung Ju Hwang

We study multiteacher knowledge distillation for low resource abstractive summarization from a reliability aware perspective. We introduce EWAD (Entropy Weighted Agreement Aware Distillation), a token level mechanism that routes supervision…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Dipto Sumit , Ankan Kumar Roy , Sadia Khair Rodela , Atia Haque Asha , Mourchona Afrin , Niloy Farhan , Farig Yousuf Sadeque

Many recent breakthroughs in machine learning have been enabled by the pre-trained foundation models. By scaling up model parameters, training data, and computation resources, foundation models have significantly advanced the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Zhe Zhao , Qingyun Liu , Huan Gui , Bang An , Lichan Hong , Ed H. Chi

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed worldwide, yet their safety alignment remains predominantly English-centric. This allows for vulnerabilities in non-English contexts, especially with low-resource languages. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Max Zhang , Derek Liu , Kai Zhang , Joshua Franco , Haihao Liu

Knowledge distillation (KD) is a common approach to compress a teacher model to reduce its inference cost and memory footprint, by training a smaller student model. However, in the context of autoregressive language models (LMs), we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Qihuang Zhong , Liang Ding , Li Shen , Juhua Liu , Bo Du , Dacheng Tao

Supervised fine-tuning with expert demonstrations often produces models that imitate outputs without internalizing the reasoning processes needed for robust generalization. While critique-based approaches show promise, training models to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Berkcan Kapusuzoglu , Supriyo Chakraborty , Zain Sarwar , Chia-Hsuan Lee , Sambit Sahu

This paper studies the problem of pre-training for small models, which is essential for many mobile devices. Current state-of-the-art methods on this problem transfer the representational knowledge of a large network (as a Teacher) into a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Mingsheng Li , Lin Zhang , Mingzhen Zhu , Zilong Huang , Gang Yu , Jiayuan Fan , Tao Chen

Reinforcement learning (RL) post-training has recently driven major gains in long chain-of-thought reasoning large language models (LLMs), but the high inference cost of such models motivates distillation into smaller students. Most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Zhaoyang Zhang , Shuli Jiang , Yantao Shen , Yuting Zhang , Dhananjay Ram , Shuo Yang , Zhuowen Tu , Wei Xia , Stefano Soatto

Growing efforts to improve knowledge distillation (KD) in large language models (LLMs) replace dense teacher supervision with selective distillation, which uses a subset of token positions, vocabulary classes, or training samples for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Almog Tavor , Itay Ebenspanger , Neil Cnaan , Mor Geva

Knowledge distillation (KD) has become an important technique for model compression and knowledge transfer. In this work, we first perform a comprehensive analysis of the knowledge transferred by different KD methods. We demonstrate that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Fei Ding , Yin Yang , Hongxin Hu , Venkat Krovi , Feng Luo

Knowledge distillation (KD) is widely used for compressing a teacher model to reduce its inference cost and memory footprint, by training a smaller student model. However, current KD methods for auto-regressive sequence models suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Rishabh Agarwal , Nino Vieillard , Yongchao Zhou , Piotr Stanczyk , Sabela Ramos , Matthieu Geist , Olivier Bachem

In knowledge distillation, a student model is trained with supervisions from both knowledge from a teacher and observations drawn from a training data distribution. Knowledge of a teacher is considered a subject that holds inter-class…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Dongkyu Lee , Zhiliang Tian , Yingxiu Zhao , Ka Chun Cheung , Nevin L. Zhang