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Discrete diffusion models offer a promising alternative to autoregressive generation through parallel decoding, but they suffer from a sampling wall: once categorical sampling occurs, rich distributional information collapses into one-hot…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Mingyu Jo , Jaesik Yoon , Justin Deschenaux , Caglar Gulcehre , Sungjin Ahn

Large Language Models (LLMs) hold immense potential to generate synthetic data of high quality and utility, which has numerous applications from downstream model training to practical data utilisation. However, contemporary models, despite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Charles O'Neill , Yuan-Sen Ting , Ioana Ciuca , Jack Miller , Thang Bui

By formulating data samples' formation as a Markov denoising process, diffusion models achieve state-of-the-art performances in a collection of tasks. Recently, many variants of diffusion models have been proposed to enable controlled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Hengtong Zhang , Tingyang Xu

Diffusion Large Language Models (DLLMs) are emerging as a powerful alternative to the dominant Autoregressive Large Language Models, offering efficient parallel generation and capable global context modeling. However, the practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Jinsong Li , Xiaoyi Dong , Yuhang Zang , Yuhang Cao , Jiaqi Wang , Dahua Lin

Diffusion language models (DLMs) have recently emerged as an alternative to autoregressive approaches, offering parallel sequence generation and flexible token orders. However, their inference remains slower than that of autoregressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Pengxiang Li , Yefan Zhou , Dilxat Muhtar , Lu Yin , Shilin Yan , Li Shen , Soroush Vosoughi , Shiwei Liu

In this work, we provide a systematic survey of Discrete Diffusion Language Models (dLLMs) and Discrete Diffusion Multimodal Language Models (dMLLMs). Unlike autoregressive (AR) models, dLLMs and dMLLMs adopt a multi-token, parallel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Runpeng Yu , Qi Li , Xinchao Wang

Controllable generation is a fundamental task in NLP with many applications, providing a basis for function calling to agentic communication. However, even state-of-the-art autoregressive Large Language Models (LLMs) today exhibit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zhen Xiong , Yujun Cai , Zhecheng Li , Yiwei Wang

Diffusion Transformers have become a powerful backbone for text-to-image generation, but their layered and cross-modal generation process makes safety control fundamentally different from prompt-level filtering or output-level detection.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Zihao Xue , Yan Wang , Zhen Bi , Long Ma , Zhonglong Zheng , Zeyu Yang , Bingyu Zhu , Longtao Huang , Jie Xiao , Jungang Lou

Large diffusion vision-language models (LDVLMs) have recently emerged as a promising alternative to autoregressive models, enabling parallel decoding for efficient inference and leveraging bidirectional attention for global context. Despite…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Sujung Hong , Chanyong Yoon , Seong Jae Hwang

Masked Diffusion Language Models (MDLMs) enable parallel token decoding, providing a promising alternative to the sequential nature of autoregressive generation. However, their iterative denoising process remains computationally expensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Younjoo Lee , Junghoo Lee , Seungkyun Dan , Jaiyoung Park , Jung Ho Ahn

Diffusion Large Language Models (DLLMs) are inherently ill-suited for variable-length generation, as their inference is defined on a fixed-length canvas and implicitly assumes a known target length. When the length is unknown, as in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Zicong Cheng , Ruixuan Jia , Jia Li , Guo-Wei Yang , Meng-Hao Guo , Shi-Min Hu

Diffusion Large Language Models (DLLMs) enable fully parallel token decoding but often remain impractical at inference time due to the many denoising iterations required to refine an information-free, fully masked initialization into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Tongyuan Miao , Gary Huang , Kai Jun Han , Annie Jiang

Recent large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong reasoning capabilities that benefits from online reinforcement learning (RL). These capabilities have primarily been demonstrated within the left-to-right autoregressive (AR)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Siyan Zhao , Devaansh Gupta , Qinqing Zheng , Aditya Grover

Discrete diffusion has achieved state-of-the-art performance, outperforming or approaching autoregressive models on standard benchmarks. In this work, we introduce Discrete Diffusion with Planned Denoising (DDPD), a novel framework that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Sulin Liu , Juno Nam , Andrew Campbell , Hannes Stärk , Yilun Xu , Tommi Jaakkola , Rafael Gómez-Bombarelli

Large Language Model (LLM) based code generation is predominantly formulated as a strictly monotonic process, appending tokens linearly to an immutable prefix. This formulation contrasts to the cognitive process of programming, which is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Chengran Yang , Zichao Wei , Heminghao Deng , Jinfeng Jiang , Zhensu Sun , Ting Zhang , Tianyi Wu , Ming Wen , David Lo

Discrete diffusion language models (dLLMs) provide a fast and flexible alternative to autoregressive models (ARMs) via iterative denoising with parallel updates. However, their evaluation is challenging: existing metrics conflate denoiser…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Luhan Tang , Longxuan Yu , Shaorong Zhang , Greg Ver Steeg

Denoising diffusion models (DDMs) have recently attracted increasing attention by showing impressive synthesis quality. DDMs are built on a diffusion process that pushes data to the noise distribution and the models learn to denoise. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Jaemoo Choi , Yesom Park , Myungjoo Kang

Diffusion language models (DLMs) are promising alternatives to autoregressive language models (ARMs), yet the intrinsic differences in their generated text remain underexplored. We first find empirically that off-the-shelf DLMs exhibit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Zeyang Zhang , Chengwei Liang , Xingyan Chen , Meiqi Gu , Minrui Luo , Jingzhao Zhang , Tianxing He

Recent Speech Large Language Models~(LLMs) have achieved impressive capabilities in end-to-end speech interaction. However, the prevailing autoregressive paradigm imposes strict serial constraints, limiting generation efficiency and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ziyang Cheng , Yuhao Wang , Heyang Liu , Ronghua Wu , Qunshan Gu , Yanfeng Wang , Yu Wang

The Stop-Think-AutoRegress Language Diffusion Model (STAR-LDM) integrates latent diffusion planning with autoregressive generation. Unlike conventional autoregressive language models limited to token-by-token decisions, STAR-LDM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Justin Lovelace , Christian Belardi , Sofian Zalouk , Adhitya Polavaram , Srivatsa Kundurthy , Kilian Q. Weinberger